Mjc Physiology

Definition of Physiology.

Pathophysiology.

• 1. Form a testable hypothesis about observation.
• 2. Conduct & analyze experiments to test hypothesis.
• 3. Draw a conclusion about whether or not results support hypothesis.
• 4. Develop a theory.

a general statement explaining natural phenomena tht is based on a proven hypothesis.

• Experimental and control groups.
• quantitative measurements performed blindly.
• Analysis of data using statistics.
• Publication in peer-reviewed journals.

The group that is subject to the testing conditions.

The group that is not participating in the experimental hypothesis.

Employment of mathematical tools of statistics to show the the results are warrant and the null hypothesis can be rejected and the experimental hypothesis can be deemed to be supported by the study.

The hypothesis that the difference is due to chance.

Toxicity and metabolism tested in healthy human volunteers.

Effectiveness and toxity tested in target population (have disease).

Widespread test of drug in diverse population.

Drug is tested for other potential uses.

Observed that Milieu Interieur (internal environment)

Coined term Homeostasis.

Maintenance of a state of "Dynamic Constancy"

• Arterial pH.
• Bicarbonate.
• Sodium.
• Calcium.
• Oxygen content.
• Urea.
• Amino Acids.
• Protein.
• Total Lipids.
• Glucose.

Effect on original start (stops original signal).

• sensor.
• set point.
• integrating center.
• effector.

Detects deviation from set point.

Average of a range (a set #)

Determine response (brain or spinal cord most often)

• Produces response to decrease or increase as needed.
• (Muscles or glands).

• Antagonistic Effectors.
• Intrinsic Mechanisms.
• Extrinsic Mechanisms.

• Has antagonistic actions.
• Described as "push-pull" where the increasing activity of one effector is accompanied by decreasing activity of an antagonistic effector.

Control is built into organ being regulated

Control comes from outside of organ. (Nervous & Endocrine system - nerves and hormones)

The action of effectors amplifies those changes that stimulate the effectors.

• Bloodclotting.
• Estrogen levels in ovulation.
• Oxytosin in Child birth.

Contraction.

• Skeletal.
• Cardiac.
• Smooth.

• Attached to bones at both ends by means of tendons.
• Consciously controlled, Voluntary.
• Each Fiber is large and multinucleated.
• Fibers lined up parallel w/ other fibers to form bundles.

• Found in the heart.
• Myocardial cells: short, branched, striated and involuntary.
• Have intercalated Disks between cells that provide mechanical and electrical interconnections.

• Is NOT striated; is involuntary.
• Found in many organs, tissues.

• Walls of blood vessels.
• Bladder.
• Broncials.
• Controled by autonomic nervous system.

• Consists of neurons and supporting or glial cells.
• Neurons are specialized for conducting electrical signals.

• Lines and covers body surfaces (inside of organs).
• Forms membranes and glands.
• Classified by 3 types of shapes (Squamous, Columnar & Cuboidal).

Flattened.

Taller than wide.

cube shaped.

• Simple membrane.
• Stratified membrane.

• one cell thick.
• Specialized for covering viceral organs.

• Have a number of layers.
• Specialized for protection.

Junctional Complexes.

Increase strength and create barrier.

• from underlying tissue by basement membrane.
• Made of chemicals to cement to other layers.

• Derived from epithelium cells.
• Secrete onto epithelium via ducts.
• Can be simple tubes or clusters called ACINI.

• No ducts.
• hormones.
• goes into bloodstream.

• A lot of extracellular material (fluid & collagen fibers) deposited in space between its cells.
• Includes connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone and blood.

• Adipose.
• Tendon.
• Ligaments.