-
How/why do humans vary biologically?
physical features and geographic location
-
Problems with phenotypic/typological approach?
most variations occured across human populations regardless of racial makeup; too many different types to classify them
-
Forensic anthropologists perpetuate myth of biological race?
They classify biological profiles by sex, stature, age and race. Observable differences between races, but not valid reason.
-
What roles does press play in shaping understanding of concepts?
They play a huge role in perception of races on news.
-
Do racial inequalities in health provide evidence for genetic differences between racially defined groups?
Genetic factors affect health inequalities, and causes genetic differences between races.
-
What other factors explain current inequalities in health between racially defined groups?
socioeconomic stress, health behavior, psychological stress, social structure and cultural context
-
What is the evidence regarding biological races in human?
geographic regions causes difference between races, traits are inherited INDEPENDENTLY, and ancestry is related more than race.
-
Within population vs between population difference?
There's 90% more difference within regions, and 10% difference between regions. Greater diversity within so called racial groups. Similar biological feastures DOES NOT mean certain people share common ancestry.
-
Adaptability
Ability to respond to changes in environment
-
5 levels of adaptability
Acclimation (climate), Acclimatization (climate), Cultural/Behavior Adaptation (Vitamin, living conditions), Genetic Adaptation (sickle-cell anemia, lactose intolerant, skin color), and Developmental Adaptation (physiological/structural changes, barrel chest, Tibetans -> higher reproduction, Andeans -> lower production)
-
Primate?
Distinguished by sets of traits, 4 categories: hands and feet, teeth and diet, senses and brain, and maturation
-
Different kinds of primates?
Split into two types: Strepsirhini (primitive, prosimians) and Haplorhinis (higher primates, anthropoids)
-
Strepsirhines?
most "primitive", smaller brains relative to body size, wet nose, can stick fingers through the back. Examples: lemurs, bushbabies, chafaka, aye-aye
-
Haplorhines?
higher primates, post-orbital plate (cannot stick finger through back). Examples: monkeys, apes, tarsiers, humans.
Split into two subgroups: Monkeys (old & new), and Hominoids (apes & humans)
-
What are the two types of monkeys?
- New World Monkeys - found in central and south america, nose project outward to side. examples: spider monkeys, capuchins.
- Old World Monkeys - Africa and Asia, downward facing nostrils, arboreal and terrestrial. examples: toques, macaques, baboons.
-
Hominoids?
Apes and humans, differ in body size, no tails (mostly), and shoulderjoints (shoulderblades are on back, whereas monkeys are on side)
-
Smaller Apes?
are found in southeast asia, have braciation form (monkey bar motion), include: siamangs, gibbons.
-
Great Apes?
Include Orangutans (found in Indonesia and Borneo), Gorillas (central africa), Chimps (central and west africa), Bonobos (areas south of Zaire River)
-
How many species of primates are there? Where are living primates found? What habitats do they live in?
300-400 species, found in South America, Asia, and Africa. Habitats include tropicals, savanna grasslands, mountains, and temperate environments (snow monkeys).
-
What do anthropologists study the nonhuman primates?
They are our closest relatives, and they are similar to us. Share a common ancestor.
-
Where do we study primates?
Indonesia and China
-
General behavior patterns in NHP?
5 types: Sociality, Dominance, Competition and Aggression, Affiliation and Cooperation, and Cultural Behavior
-
Do nonhuman primates have culture?
snowmonkeys exhibit use of culture ("emo", snow monkey who washed sweet potato with saltwater)
-
Melanin
pigment that controls skin tone/color
-
Folate
created from folic acid, contains vitamin B, essential to cell growth and reproduction. excessive UV radiation destroy folate, causing disorders in fetuses and sperm production.
-
Vitamin D
Sun stimulates production of Vitamin D in humans. Darker skin -> blocks more UV radiation, causes Vitamin D deficiency -> leads to Rickets, deformations that hinder reproduction.
-
Rickets
deficiency of Vitamin D, causes deformations that hinder reproduction.
-
Cline
a gradual change in some phenotypic characteristics from one population to the next. Ex: skin pigmentation of living people, skin color changes in a gradient from dark to light depending on the latitude.
-
Hypertension
high blood pressure
-
Clarence Gravlee
University of Florida, did a study on why hypertension affects African American population more on others. Reason: limited access to health care and diet, and race being a part of the medical problem. people's social classification -> stress -> high blood pressure.
-
Adaptability
one's ability to to respond to change in an environment.
-
Acclimation
short term changes to a stressor, can take anywhere from seconds to minutes.
-
Homeothermic
maintaining a relative, stable temperature
-
Vasoconstriction
narrows blood vessels to reduce blood flow and heat loss
-
Vasodilation
widens blood vessels to help dissipate heat
-
Acclimatization
long term changes to a stressor.
-
Hypoxia
organism's body temperature falls below normal range, leading to improper body functions and possibly death.
-
Hemoglobin
iron-containing substance in blood cells that transport oxygen from heart to rest of body
-
Genetic Adaptation
change in variant to increase fitness, selected because of advantageous benefits.
-
Bergmann's Rule
animal's size is heat-related; smaller bodies are adapted to hot environments, larger bodies adapted to cold environment.
-
Allen's Rule
animal's limb lengths are heat-related; long limbs = hot environments, short limbs = cold environment.
-
Developmental Adaptation
physiological and structural changes, occurs ONLY during childhood.
-
Barrel Chest
chest of greater circumference when compared to sea level people, occurs ONLY during childhood in high altitudes
-
Behavioral/cultural adaptations
ability to adapt to environments through artificial vitamins and improved shelter/clothing.
-
Primate pattern
set of traits that have 4 major categories.
-
Prehensility
ability to grasp items.
-
Opposable thumb
able to touch thumb to every other finger.
-
Prehensile Tail
able to grasp items with tail
-
tooth types
incisors, canines, premolars and molars
-
Dietary Plasticity
a diet's flexibility to adapt to a given environment
-
Dental Formula
- contains 1 quadrant (4 quadrants in total in mouth)
- placental mammals: 3.1.4.3
- humans: 2.1.2.3
- Humans: 8 x 4 = 32 total teeth
-
tooth comb
sort of specialization thats used for cleaning/grooming, found in lemurs and lorises
-
Canine-premolar honing complex
dental form in which upper canines are sharpened against lower third premolars when jaws are closed (found ONLY in old world monkeys and apes)
-
Stereoscopic Vision
overlapping vision that gives depth perception
-
Postorbital bar
bone which runs around eye socket of prosimians (except tarsiers)
-
-
-
Neocortex
deals with consciousness in brain
-
Parental investment
parent's investment in caretaking of child
-
Learned behavior
behaviors that are learned through examples. ex: emo cleans potatoes in water, others follow.
-
Sociality
tendency to associate with others
-
Behavioral flexibility
ability to fight and reconcile within a given period of time
-
Prosimian
primates having large ears and eyes, characterized by noctural habits. ex: lemurs, bushbabies, tarsiers.
-
Anthropoids (simians)
higher primates, include monkeys, apes and humans
-
Diurnal
active during the day
-
Terrestrial
living on land
-
-
New World Monkeys
central and south america, noses projected outward. ex: spider monkeys, capuchin monkeys.
-
Old World Monkeys
Africa and Asia, downward facing nostrils. ex: toques, macaques, and baboons.
-
Hominoids
apes and humans, differ by body size and no tails, also shoulder joints are on back
-
Captive Research
research when primates are in a captive environments, only able to control testings
-
Field research
able to research naturally, suitable topics: ecology and feeding behaviors
-
ethnoprimatology
study of human and non-human primate interactions with variation in human ecology and culture. Nonhuman primate cultures depict direction relationship between nonhuman primates and humans.
-
Primate Community Ecology
coexisting with other species, found in same environment. ex: chimps and baboons grooming, tibetan macaques (mobile) and guizhou snub nosed monkeys (lazy)
-
social grouping types
1) one male, multifemale, 2) one female, multimale, 3) multimale, multifemale (most common), 4) all male 5) one male for each female, 6) solitary
-
Dominance
behavior pattern which is defined as differential access to resources
-
Dominance hierarchy
individuals are ranked relative to others; physical traits, ability come into play. inheritance can also play a role.
-
Aggression
occurs within groups and between groups, usually solved by hierachy (alphas)
-
Affiliation
use of space, grooming, reconciliation, and cooperation
-
Cooperation
showing tolerance and affiliative qualities
-
Kin selection
altruistic behaviors that increase fitness of donor's relative. Simplify: primates will act altruisticly to kins and relatives.
-
Cultural behavior
animal culture, questioned and debated in 1950s of Japan with japanese macaques (emo washing potatoes)
-
Cumulative cultural evolution
behaviors shared among those in specific group which are transmitted from generation to generation via social learning
|
|