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Pathos
Emotions of situation
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Ethos
Character of speaker
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Logos-logic
Reasoning in the persuasion
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Truth
Property of propositins or statements. One says it is true if it is the case and if not the case it is false
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Validity
Valid if and only if the premises are true and must lead to conclusion to be true
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Soundness
Valid and premises are actually true in reality
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Properties of an argument
Validity truth and soundness
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Features of deductive argument
Syllogisms. Set of propositions and conclusion
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Valinity
Property of arguement that supports the good arguement which makes it valid not true.
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Syllogisms
Major premis, minor premis, and conclusion
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Major premis
Contains middle and major term and quantifier (all, no, some) or conditional (either or, if then, when)
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Minor premis
Contains minor and major terms. Points to one thing person or instance
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Conclusion
Contains minor and major premis. Something that is being proved.
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Types of syllogisms
Categorical (all, every, no), disjunctive (either or), hypothetical (if then, when, in case of).
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Inductive arguments
No certainty, specific to general, like the $2 bottle of wine
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Enthymeme
Like a sylligism but fails to include one of the three parts.
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Proposition
A decorative statement whichbis either true or false. Simple propsitions have subject and a predicate.
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Tautology
When truth table reveals all truth values
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Contradiction
When truth table reveals not All truth values
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P^Q
T if only both or more are T. Conjunction~and
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P u Q
T only if a T is present. Disjunction~or
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PQ
T unless the horse is dancin the tuti fruti cause he cant. Implication~if, then.
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PQ
T only when P and Q are the same. Equivalence.
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Membership : Venn Diagram
a is apart of a circle, b is apart of a circle, and c is apart of a circle.
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Containment : Venn Diagram
All A is B but not all B is A
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Negation : Venn Diagram
Yellow = negation
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Intersection : Venn Diagram
all blue is intersection
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Union : Venn Diagram
all A and B and intersection of the two
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Truth value
T - true as F- false; the relation of proposition to truth.
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If and only if...truth table
equivalence, or If P and Q are the same then T
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if, then....truth table
the horse can't dance the tuti fruti, implication
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not...truth table
~P, or not P means the opposite of P
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or...truth table
the v, disjunction, T if a T is present
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and...truth table
all have to be T to be T; conjunction
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Modus Ponens
Affirming the antecedent where ((P->Q)^P)->Q 0=F 1=T
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Basic kinds of induction aruements
Generalization, analogy, causality
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Generalization
- one or more examples to general case.
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Analogy
one specific case to another specific case A<----->C
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Causality
makes or produces another thing....cause to affect or affect to cause, usually involves a generalization about the unknown occurrence to the known occurrence.
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