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What is Biotechnology?
Any technique that uses living organisms or substances from those organisms.
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What does Biotechnology use?
Microorganisms, plants, or animals
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What are some of the different disciplines of biotechnology?
Cell and molecular biology, Microbiology, Genetics, Anatomy and physiology, Biochemistry, Engineering, Computer science
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What are the applications of biotechnology?
- Agriculture- developing disease resistant crop plants and livestock, and improving food quality
- Biomedical- Diagnostics for detecting genetic diseases and acquired diseases, therapies that use genes to cure diseases, recombinant vaccines to prevent diseases, assisted reproduction
- Environmental- cleans the environment through bioremediation.
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What is the history of Domestication and Agriculture?
Ancient biotechnology started with agriculture 10,000 years ago and the use of fermented food and beverage.
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Who was Nikolai Vavilov?
A Russian plant geneticist traveled around the world to collect plant germplasm
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Give some basic information about Germplasms.
- It is used for selective breeding
- It is in danger because of agricultural expansion- monoculture and the use of herbicides
- CGIAR makes a global effort to salvage germplasm.
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What is fermentation?
It is a microbial process to transform organic compounds in to foods, alcohol and pharmaceutical products
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How was fermentation discovered?
Accidentally from stored fruits, and unbaked dough
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What are some types fermented foods?
- Bean-based
- Grain-based
- Vegetable-based
- Fruit-based
- Dairy-based
- Fish-based
- Meat-based
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What describes the development that fermentation has taken from ancient times to the present?
Classical Biotechnology
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What are some of the products in Classical Biotechnology that were developed?
Glycerol, acetone, butanol, lactic acid, citric acid, and yeast biomass.
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What are the foundations of Modern Biotechnology?
- First Microscope- 1590
- Anton van Leeuwenhoek- single lens microscope 1670 and discovered cells
- Robert Hooke- 1665- thinly sliced cork
- Separating living from nonliving 1800's
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What did Pasteur's experiment refute?
The theory of spontaneous generation
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What was Eduard Buchner experiment?
She converted sugar to ethyl alcohol using yeast extracts
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What did Gregor Mendel formulate?
The Fundamental Laws of Heredity
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What did Fredrich Miesher do?
Isolated the nuclei from white blood cells
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What did Walter Flemming discover?
He discovered chromosomes
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What did Walter Sutton do?
Determined that chromosomes carry genes.
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What were the three experiments that described genetic material?
- Study on bacterial transformation
- Transformation study
- Experiment on bacteria and bacteriophage
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What did Watson and Crick discover in 1953?
That DNA was a double helix
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What shows the information, or message, of DNA?
Sequences of deoxyribonucleotides.
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When was the genetic code cracked?
1961
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What is recombinant technology?
The use of plasmids and restriction enzymes
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What are some of the public reaction to Recombinant DNA Technology?
- Gene Therapy raised question of eugenics
- Fear of - human cloning - Genetically engineered foods or genetically modified organisms
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What 3 scientific discoveries have contributed to modern cell biology?
- Cytology (study of cell structure by microscope)
- Biochemistry (study of chemistry of living cells and organisms)
- Genetics (study of the transmission of genetic information)
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What are macromolecules?
Lipids, polysaccarides, Proteins, and nucleic acids.
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What are lipids?
- A broad group of hydrophobic organic molecules.
- saturated and unsatured
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What are polysaccharides?
- Made of repeating units called simple sugars.
- Have 2 major functions. Structure and energy storage
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What are proteins?
- Large organic compounds that determine many organismal characteristics and have different functions.
- They are made from polymers called amino acids.
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What are the four major chemical classifications of amino acids?
- Nonpolar
- Uncharged Polar
- Negatively Charged Polar
- Positively Charged Polar
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What are nucleic acids?
- It is involved with the storage and transmission of information within the cell.
- Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
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What are the three components of deoxyribonucleotides?
- A phosphate group
- Ribose or deoxyribose
- A nitrogenous base (One of four A, T, C, G)
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What breaks hydrogen bonds?
- High temperature
- Extreme pH
- Enzymes
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What are the two major functions of RNA?
- Transfers genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
- Protein Synthesis work
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How are DNA and RNA different?
- RNA has Uracil, DNA has Thyamine
- RNA has ribose, DNA has deoxyribose
- RNA is a single strand, DNA is a double helix
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What are the three classes of RNA?
- Messenger RNA
- Transfer RNA
- Ribosomal RNA
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What are the two subunits of RNA?
Large and Small
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What is the processes of central dogma?
DNA --(transcription)--> mRNA --(translation)-->protein
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What is required for cell division?
DNA replication
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DNA replication is initiated at a specific point called what?
Origin of Replication
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Prokaryotes have how many origins of replication?
One
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Eukaryotes have multiple ________ __ _______?
Origins of replication
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What are the 4 different enzymes and proteins required for DNA Replication and what do they do?
- Helicase- breaks Hydrogen Bond
- DNA gyrase- relax supper coiled DNA strand
- RNA primer- indicate starting point for DNA synthesis
- DNA polymerase- Adds bases to the new strand
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What are genes?
A stretch of nucleotides on either strand of DNA coding for protein or non-coding.
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What are the 2 classes of protein encoding genes?
- Structural genes- codes proteins that have a structural or enzymatic function
- Regulatory genes- controls the activity of structural gene
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What is the genetic code?
- A triplet code
- Sequences of bases in DNA that specifies the order of amino acid in polypepetide
- It is universal
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What is transcription?
The process of making mRNA from DNA
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What are the 4 steps in transcription?
- Binding of RNA polymerase to DNA
- Initiation to make mRNA
- Elongation of mRNA
- Termination of transcription
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What is translation and where does it occur?
- The process of making protein.
- It occurs in the cytoplasm.
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What are the three steps in translation?
- Chain initiation- assembling of translation machineries
- Chain elongation- tRNA add new amino acid on the growing polypeptide
- Chain termination- Polypeptide synthesis is terminated by stop codon.
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What are the stop codons?
UAA, UAG, UGA
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What is the start codon?
AUG
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