-
Growth factors
- PDGF(platelet derived growth factor)
- Transforming GF
-
Growth factor receptor
- ERBB1- Squamous ca of lung
- ERBB2- Breast cancer
-
signal transducing protein
- RAS(Human tumor has mutated RAS)
- Mutated RAS will continues to recieve signal to divide
-
Nuclear Transcripton factors
- MYC(activate transcrip of several GFs genes)
- Repress inhibitor of CDKs--> continue to prolif
-
CDKs
- Determine whether cell gonna enter cell cycle or not: dysregulation favor cell proliferation
- OVEREXPRESSION in human tumor
Melanoma, lymphoma, esophageal carcinoma
-
Tumor supressor gene
RB gene: DNA synth break
TP53: single most target for genetic alteration
-
pRB gene
Tumor supressor gene
- pRB gene bind with DNA transcription factor
- If Rb released, DNA systh proceed.
-
TP53
- tumor supressor gene
- Single most target for genetic alteration in human tumor
Li Fremeni syndrom: increase rate of cancer
- Function:
- slow down DNA replication
- Activate DNA repair enzyme
- can't repair- Suicide gene, Apoptosis
-
Evasion of Apoptosis
BCL2, P53, C MYC
-
BLC2
Prototypic anti-apoptosis gene
Low grade lymphoma
Grow relatively slow because they do not die as quickly
-
Karyotypic change in tumor
Balanced translocation
Philadelphia chromosome in
chronic myelogenous leukemia
-
Karyotypic change in Tumor- Deletion
Colon and oral cancer
-
RNA Oncogenic virus
Human T cell leukemia virus type I ass with T cell leukemia/ Lymphoma
-
DNA oncogenic virus
- Human Papillomavirus(HPV)
- EBV(Epstein Barr Virus)
- Hepatitis B virus (HBV)
-
What test do we do for Leukemia?
Flow Cytology
-
HPV
DNA oncogenic virus
- Cause benign squamous papilloma
- Verruca vulgaris(warts)
-
EBV
DNA oncogenic virus
- Burkitts
- B cell lymphoma
- Hodkins
- Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
-
HVB
Hepatocellular carcinoma
-
Tumor antigen
Tumor specific antigen
Tumor associated antigen
-
Tumor specific antigen
Antigen is only associated with tumor cells
- Cancer testis antigen
- MEGA-1(Melanoma-associated antigen)
Not always expressed in melanomas, can be seen in the other cancers.
-
Tumor associated antigen
Prostate specific antigen(PSA)
- Differentiation-Specific Antigen
- maybe found on normal cell but overexpressed or represent a specilized function of cells
-
Antitumor Effector Mechanism
- CD8+
- NK cells
- Macrophage
- Humoral Mechanism
-
-
CD8+ plays against?
Antitumor effector
- Virus- induced neoplasm
- Burkitt's lymphoma: DNA oncogenic virus
-
What cell can kill tumor cells without sensitizing them? First line of defense
NK cell
-
Explain antitumor effect of Humoral response?
- Activation of Complement
- Antibody-dependent cytotoxicity by NK cells
-
Macrophage incorporate with what cells to distroy tumor cells?
T cells and NK cells.
May act by mechanism used to
- destryo microbes or by
- producing TNF-alpha
-
Progessive loss of fat and lean body mass, profound weakness, anorexia and anemia, usually associated with advanced cancer.
Cachexia
Involve in TNF, IL1(cytokine secreted by endothelial cell)
-
What is paraneoplastic syndrome?
may represent early manifestifation of occult disease
May represent significant clinical problem
Mimic metastatic disease, confound treatment
-
Example of paraneoplastic syndrome?
- Hypercalcemia
- cushing's syndrome
- Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis
- paraneoplastic pemphigus
-
What laboratory diagnosis of cancer is used to diagnosis
-
What laboratory diagnosis of cancer is used to diagnosis superficial and deep seated masses?
Fine needle aspiration biopsy
-
This lab diagnosis of cancer is prone to error but quick!
Frozen section biopsy
-
This diagnosis is primarily used to screen cervical cancer.
Cytologic smear
This one supplemented by HPV testing
-
Specific antibody-quided detection of tumor-specific or associated antigen to determine the precise classification or subclassification of tumor?
immunocytochemistry
|
|
