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What was the major principal of Stoicism and who founded it?
- Living a virtuous life in harmony with God and nature
- Zeno
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What was the major principal of Skepticism and who founded it?
- You don't know anything (including the fact that you know that you don't know anything)
- Pyrrho
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What was the major principal of Epicureanism and who founded it?
- Things that felt good were pleasurable, and pleasurable was the ultimate desire; pleasure could be found through self-control and moderation
- Epicurus
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What physical attributes made the Indus valley so desirable?
- There were mountains to the North
- There was a desert to the East
- It was surrounded by the Indus and the Ganges rivers
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Monsoon winds blew what types of air?
Dry and wet depending on the season
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What environmental issues did monsoons create?
- Unpredictable floods
- Changing course of rivers
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Why is little known about the Indus Valley civilizations?
- The language isn't translated
- The archaeological digs yield little information
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What were the two major cities of the Indus River valley civilizations (one of the first of its kind)?
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Name some characteristics of the Indus River Valley civilization.
- Compact, about 1 sq mi in total
- Fortress in the middle for storage, protection, assembly, bathing
- 2 Story buildings to maximize space effeciency
- Indoor bathrooms
- Irrigation system for farms (usually outside of the city)
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Name some technological advancements of the Indus River Valley civilization.
- Plumbing system/irrigation system
- Domesticated animals
- Cloth
- Standard system of weight/measures
- Prevalent use of copper, bronze, gold
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Through what country did the Aryans travel when they conquered the Indus Valley civilizations?
Afghanistan
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Why did the Aryans leave the Indus Valley, and where did they go?
- The cities' advanced technologies fell into a state of disrepair and the Aryans could not maintain them.
- They went to the Ganges river.
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From where did the Hittites come?
Anatolia (Turkey/Asia Minor)
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What technological advancement made the Hittites famous, and how did they use it?
- Iron
- They used it to cut crops; used the slash/burn method
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What major crop did the Aryans grow and what technique did they use to grow it feasibly?
- Rice
- Irrigation system and terracing
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What social event occurred as a result of the taxation of Aryan farmers?
People developed specialized divisions of labor that provided diversity in the culture.
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In the caste system, how could one change his/her caste?
Rebirth
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If one broke the rules of his/her caste, to what group was he/she sent?
He was out"casted" and sent to the untouchables group.
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What were the names for castes and subcastes?
Varna and Jati
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Describe the Indian social order hierarchy.
Brahman (priests/philosophers) - Intellectual
Warriors (government officials and warriors) - Political
Merchants (producers) - Economic
Servants - People told what to do
Outcasts (untouchables)
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If you do our _________ (duties), and we don't get ________, then we can join with _________. (according to Hindu tradition)
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What were some advantages/disadvantages of the Caste system?
Advantages: People knew where they belong, civilization was organized, diversity was promoted and accepted.
Disadvantages: One could not marry out, rebellion was more likely, one could not always do the job of his choice, only the warrior class could fight in wars.
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What is a transcendental religion? How was a transcendental religion's ultimate goal achieved.
A religion that puts emphasis on a real world that is beyond our senses. This reality is pure, perfect, and hidden. The goal was achieved by asceticism/mysticism (bodily discipline)
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Before transcendentalism developed in India, the Aryans had many gods for many different things. As transcendentalism developed, what three major works evolved, and what was their significance?
- 1. Vedas: Aryan poetry set to music in Sanskrit (which could only be read by priests [which created a need for the Brahmanas])
- 2. Brahmanas: Set rules of what to do, and what not to do, translated from Vedas.
- 3. Upanishads: (created by Mystics) taught how to achieve wholeness with Moksha
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Name and explain the three life stages of Hinduism.
- Student: Learns much, best stage for learning/taking in the world, time to discover and be free
- Householder: Farmer/merchant/parent; a person with responsibility to others; had little time for religious activities other than basic rituals
- Grandparent: Retired, possessing more free time, could meditate more, last chance to achieve Moksha
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Who founded Buddhism? When did he do it?
- Siddhartha Gautama
- C. 500 BCE
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Tell the story of Siddhartha Gautama's childhood.
His parents were told that if he stayed home and lived a sheltered, perfect life, he would be a great political ruler. He lived at a palace, and never experienced any hardships until he went on a chariot ride one day.
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What are the three woes of man? What three things caused Siddhartha Gautama to believe in these?
- Weariness - The old man
- Disease - The man who had leprosy
- Death - The people crying for a dead man
He experienced these three things when he took a chariot ride outside of the palace.
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After seeing the three woes of man, what did Siddhartha do?
He went to the forest, meditated, fasted, tried to help out humankind, and finally, while sitting under a Bo tree, found the secret of life (enlightenment) which he believed he was to share with others.
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What are the four noble truths?
- 1. There is sorrow in the world
- 2. Sorrow is caused by wanting what we cannot have
- 3. We end sorrow by ending our wants
- 4. Following the noble 8 fold path will lead to Nirvana
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When Buddhism split, what were the names of the two groups that emerged? What areas accepted these beliefs?
- Maharyana - China, Japan, Korea
- Theravada- SE Asia, Burma
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When Buddhism split and two groups emerged, what were the differences in their beliefs?
Maharyana: Buddha is divine (explains all of the Buddha statues and pictures), one who achieved enlightenment is a Bodhisattva
Theravada: Monks (not for life), one obtains enlightenment on his own
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Who was the head of Tibetan Buddhism?
Dalai Lama
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In Buddhism, what were the Sangha and Dharma?
- The Sangha was the religious order
- The Dharma was Buddha's teachings
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When did the Mauryan and Gupta Empires begin?
- Mauryan: 322 BC
- Gupta: 320 AD
(not completely important, just know that they started around the same time in BC and AD respectively)
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When was the Indus River Valley Civilization formed?
C. 2500 BCE
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When did the Aryans come to India?
C. 1500 BCE
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What was the southern tip of India called?
Tamil
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