Root Words

different (allosteric site: a specific receptor site on some part of an enzyme molecule remote from the active site)

up (anabolic pathway: a metabolic pathway that consumes energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones)

life (bioenergetics: the study of how organisms manage their energy resources)

down (catabolic pathway: a metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones)

within (endergonic reaction: a reaction that absorbs free energy from its surroundings)

out (exergonic reaction: a reaction that proceeds with a net release of free energy)

movement (kinetic energy: the energy of motion)

heat (thermodynamics: the study of the energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter)

dual (amphipathic molecule: a molecule that has both a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic region)

water

a small opening (aquaporin: a transport protein in the plasma membrane of a plant or animal cell that specifically facilitates the diffusion of water across the membrane)

together

across (cotransport: the coupling of the "downhill" diffusion of one substance to the "uphill" transport of another against its own concentration gradient)

electricity

producing (electrogenic pump: an ion transport protein generating voltage across a membrane)

inner

cell (endocytosis: the movement of materials into a cell. Cell-eating

outer (exocytosis: the movement of materials out of a cell)

exceeding

tension (hypertonic: a solution with a higher concentration of solutes)

lower (hypotonic: a solution with a lower concentration of solutes)

same; (isotonic: solutions with equal concentrations of solutes)

eat (phagocytosis: cell eating)

drink (pinocytosis: cell drinking)

molded

loosen (plasmolysis: a phenomenon in walled cells in which the cytoplasm shrivels and the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall when the cell loses water to a hypertonic environment)

the center

a body (centrosome: material present in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells and important during cell division)

green (chloroplast: the site of photosynthesis in plants and eukaryotic algae)

hair (cilium: a short hair-like cellular appendage with a microtubule core)

cell (cytosol: a semifluid medium in a cell in which are located organelles)

small (organelle: a small formed body with a specialized function found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells)

inner (endomembrane system: the system of membranes within a cell that includes the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and the plasma membrane)

true (eukaryotic cell: a cell that has a true nucleus)

outside (extracellular matrix: the substance in which animal tissue cells are embedded)

whip (flagellum: a long whip-like cellular appendage that moves cells)

sweet (glycoprotein: a protein covalently bonded to a carbohydrate)

sheet/layer (nuclear lamina: a netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus)

loosen (lysosome: a membrane-bounded sac of hydrolytic enzymes that a cell uses to digest macromolecules)

small

a little pipe (microtubule: a hollow rod of tubulin protein in the cytoplasm of almost all eukaryotic cells)

nucleus

like (nucleoid: the region where the genetic material is concentrated in prokaryotic cells)

to eat

molded

a band or bond (plasmodesmata: an open channel in a plant cell wall)

vessel (phagocytosis: a form of cell eating in which a cell engulfs a smaller organism or food particle)

before

nucleus (prokaryotic cell: a cell that has no nucleus)

false

foot (pseudopodium: a cellular extension of amoeboid cells used in moving and feeding)

sac or pouch (thylakoid: a series of flattened sacs within chloroplasts)

stretched

molded (tonoplast: the membrane that encloses a large central vacuole in a mature plant cell)

across

a harbor (transport vesicle: a membranous compartment used to enclose and transport materials from one part of a cell to another)

beyond (ultracentrifuge: a machine that spins test tubes at the fastest speeds to separate liquids and particles of different densities)

empty (vacuole: sac that buds from the ER, Golgi, or plasma membrane)