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epitope
small immunologically active site on Ag. what the receptors on Abs/immuneglobulins recognize
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another name for Ab
immuneglobulin
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which immunity is faster? which is more effective?
- innate: fast, but unspecific
- adaptive/acquired: slower, but more effective
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What are haptens? How are they related to Penicillin?
molecules too small to stimulate an immune response. they combine with larger protein molecules to function as Ags.
Penicillin is normally a nonantigenic molecule b/c it's so small. But it some ppl, it can chemically combine with body proteins to produce a complex that body generates an allergic rxn to. (i.e., Penicillin is a hapten in this instance.)
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What does CD stand for? What do they do?
CD: cluster of differentiation. Found on B and T cells to help them function and to mark the diff types.
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What are the two important CD markers for T cells?
- CD4: helper T cells
- CD8: cytotoxic T cells
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What are human MHC proteins called?
HLA: human leukoctye ag
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What are the functions of T cells?
- activate T and B cells
- control viral infections
- graft rejection
- delayed hypersensitivity
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What is a haplotype? How many does a person have?
combination of HLA genes usually inherited as a unit. Everyone has 2 haplotypes, one from each parent.
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Uses for HLA typing / ID?
- tissue or organ transplants
- forensics
- paternity evaluations
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Which type of adaptive immunity would respond to a lipid toxin?
humoral.
B cells produce Abs for many types of molecules, esp microbes with capsules rich in polysacchrides and lipid toxins. T cells respond only to protein Ags.
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Which type of cell is responsible for apoptic cell death? What is it?
Cytotoxic T cells. Apoptic cell death is pre-programmed cell death so that we aren't huge d/t unlimited growth.
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Which Ig is most numerous?
IgG
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Which Ig can cross the placenta / transfer immunity to the fetus?
IgG
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Which Ig's activate the complement system?
IgG, IgM
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Which Ig is found in body secretions like saliva and breast milk?
IgA
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Which Ig protects mucous membranes against local infections?
IgA
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Which Ig is responsible for the primary immune response to an Ag?
IgM
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Which Ig is the first type of Ab a neonate can make?
IgM
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Which Ig forms Abs to ABO blood Ags?
IgM
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Which Ig assists in the differentiation of B cells?
IgD (*D-ifferentiation = Ig*D)
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Which Ig is found primarily on cell membranes of B cells?
IgD
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Which Ig is involved in inflammation, allergies, and parasitic infections?
IgE
allergi*Es = Ig*E
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Which Ig causes mast cells and basophils to release histamine?
IgE
histamin*E --> think allergi*Es
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Which Ig is responsible for asthma attacks? What happens?
IgE. IgE binds to mast cells, causing them to degranulate and release histamine.
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What is any type of cell called that kills?
effector cell
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Why don't natural killer cells killer our own cells?
If natural killer cells contact MHC on normal cell, they don't kill.
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Which type of immunity are natural killer cells a part of?
Innate
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What is opsonization? Which molecule is responsible for it?
Opsonization: coating of Ag/Ab complex to make it easier for macrophages to engulf and clear.
The complement system causes opsonization.
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What are cytokines? Examples?
Low molecular wt proteins made by cells that affect the behavior of other cells. Ex: IL, interferon, TNF, colony stimulating factor (CSF)
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What is tolerance? Why is it important?
The ability of the immune system to be non-reactive to self Ags while producing immunity against foreign Ags. Protects us from autoimmune rxns and protects fetus and mother from interactions.
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When does the immune system begin to develop in a fetus?
5-6 wks
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What are the primary lymphoid structures?
When do they develop in a fetus?
- bone marrow and thymus
- develop middle of 1st trimester
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What would be responsible for an HIV- baby testing HIV positive during the first few weeks after birth?
Mother's IgG
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When does the thymus reach adult size?
When does it reach max activity?
What percentage of max wt is it by age 50?
- Adult size at <1 yr.
- Max activity at puberty.
- 15% of max activity remains by age 50 yrs.
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Which cell types respond to type I immediate hypersensitivity?
mostly mast cells and CD4
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Which type of hypersensitivity could result in anaphylaxis?
What happens to B/P? To airway?
- Type I immediate
- B/P plummets. Airway constriction.
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What are hives called?
uticaria
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What is hayfever called?
allergic rhinitis
rhin = nose, like how rhino has a big "nose"
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List local type I immediate hypersens rxns.
aka atopic rxns
- uticaria
- allergic rhinitis
- atopic dermatitis
- food allergies
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Which Ig's are involved in type II Ab-mediated hypersens?
IgG, IgM
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examples of type II ab-mediated hypersens
- mismatched blood transfusions
- hemolytic disease of newborns - erythroblastis fetalis (Rh factor)
- some drug rxns
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examples of type III immune complex-mediated hypersens
- vasculitis as in SLE (systemic lupus erythrometosis)
- kidney damage d/t acute glomerulonephritis
- serum sickness - rash, lymphadenopathy, edema, fever, arthralgias, sometimes neuro sx
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what causes the local inflam associated with type III hypersens?
insoluble Ag/Ab complexes that deposit in tissues
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what are the 4 types of hypersens?
- I - immediate
- II - Ab mediated
- III - immune complex mediated
- IV - cell mediated
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what causes the damage associated with type III hypersens?
inflam response.
(d/t deposit of insoluble Ab/Ag complexes in tissues, which activates complement --> inflam response)
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which type of hypersens would be responsible for a rxn to a fungus?
type IV (cell mediated)
responds to extracellular pathogens, like fungi, protozoa, and parasites. mediated by specifically sensitized T cells
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why use an epi pen in response to anaphylactic shock?
anaphylaxis has acute, sever drop in BP. epi ^ BP.
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mechanisms of auto-immune disease
- genetic susceptibility
- enviro - infectious agents, anergy
- release of sequestered Ags
- molecular mimicry - like rheumatic heart disease, acute glomerulonephritis
- superAgs
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anergy
unresponsiveness to Ags
breakdown of T cell anergy is an enviro factor contributing to autoimmune diseases
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type of immunity that would defend us against a virus
cellular
cellular immunity defends against intracellular microbes, incl viruses, CA, some bact.
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type of immunity that defends us from extracellular microbes and toxins
humoral
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what's a superAg?
things they cause?
related substances in staph and strep exotoxins that can cause inappropriate activation of CD4 helper T cells.
cause food poisoning and TSS
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s/s of AIDS
- opportunistic infections - candidiasis, TB, toxoplasmosis, CMV
- malignancies - Kaposi's sarcoma, non-Hodgkins lymphoma, cervical dysplasia
- wasting syndrome
- CNS degeneration - AIDS dementia complex
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what is PCP?
pneumoncystis carinii pneumonia
opportunistic resp infection
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toxoplasmosis cause and s/s
parasite Toxoplasma gondii
- s/s:
- fever
- HA
- neuro dysfx
- visual disturbances
- seizures
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HAART
could be which types of drugs?
- highly active anti-retroviral tx
- combo of at least 3 drugs, to target virus at multiple stages
- -reverse transcriptase inhibitors - analog (puts something like nucleotide in its place so chain formation is blocked) or directly binding to enzyme to inhibit
- -protease inhibitors - inhibits cleavage of polyprotein chain
- -fusion inhibitors - prevents virus from fusing with CD4 cells
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HIV diagnostic tests?
for Ag? for Ab?
Which is more accurate?
Ab: ELISA
- Ag: PCR (polymerase chain rxn)
- used for dx'ing newborns of HIV+ moms
- more accurate, but more costly
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8 steps in HIV life cycle
- 1. attachment to surface of CD4 cells
- 2. fusion - virus injects genetic info into cell
- 3. RNA --> DNA via reverse transcriptase
- 4. integration of viral DNA into CD4 cell DNA
- 5. transcription - DNA --> mRNA
- 6. translation - mRNA --> polyprotein
- 7. cleavage - cut by protease
- 8. assembly of baby viruses from proteins and viral RNA
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AIDS classification for cat. 1, 2, 3
- 1: > 500 CD4 cells/mcl blood
- 2: 200 - 499
- 3: < 200
can increase CD4 counts with drug tx
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describe latency phase of AIDS
- no sx's
- lasts ~10 yrs w/o tx, then progresses to overt phase
- may have lymphadenopathy
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describe HIV primary infection phase
viral load? CD4 count? sx's?
- high viral load, until body produces Abs to control load
- decreased CD4 count for short time, returns to normal until overt phase
- flu-like sx's
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PML
patho
causing microbe
fatal?
s/s
progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
- demyelinating
- caused by Jackson Crutchfeld virus
- high mortality --> fatal
- sx: limb weakness, sensory loss, visual disturbances, ataxia, hemiporesis, seizures, visual disturbances
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