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What are lips covered externally by?
Integument
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What are lips covered by internally?
Mucosa
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Near the muco-cutaneous junction the skin is devoid of?
Hair follicles
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The epidermis is what near the muco-cutaneous junction near the lips?
Thicker
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What is the mucosa epithelium of the lips? In Ruminants/horses and carnivores/pigs?
Stratified squamous epithelium. Keratinized in ruminants/horses. Nonkeratinized in carnivores/pigs.
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What are the labial glands in the lips? How are they distributed?
Serous or serousmucous. Distributed in the propria-submucosa.
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What does the tunica muscularis consist of in the lips?
Skeletal muscle fibers of the orbicularis oris muscle.
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What three layers compose the cheek?
Outer skin, middle layer (buccinator muscle), and an internal mucosa.
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The mucosa of the cheeks are lined with what epithelium?
Stratified squamous epithelium (may or may not be keratinized)
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The cheek mucosa in ruminants is studded with what?
Conical buccal papillae
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Where are buccal glands located?
Propria-submucosa
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Are buccal glands serous, mucous, or seromucous?
Can be any of the three.
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The mucosa of the hard palate has numerous what?
Transverse ridges or Rugae
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The mucosa of the Hard Palate is lined by what kind of epithelium? Thick in what species?
Stratified Squamous Keritinized Epithelium. Thick in Ruminants.
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The propria-submucosa of the Hard Palate is composed of what?
Dense network of capillaries, collagen, and reticular fibers.
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The palatine glands of the Hard Palate are located where? What type of gland?
Caudal part of Hard Palate. Mucous or Seromucous gland.
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What kind of epithelium does the dental pad consist of?
Heavily keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
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What kind of CT is the base of the dental pad?
Thick layer of dense irregular CT.
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What kind of epithelium does the soft palate have?
Stratified squamous epithelium.
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The propria-submucosa of the soft palate contains what?
Branched, tubuloacinar, mucous, or seromucous palatine glands and lymphatic tissue.
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The soft palate has what kind of muscles?
Palatine muscles are skeletal fibers arranged longitudinally.
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What are the functions of the tongue?
Eating, drinking, vocalization, Muscular, Epithelial specializations, sensitive and highly innervated, contains chemoreceptor sites.
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The tongue is covered by what kind of layer?
Mucosa.
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What kind of epithelium lines the dorsal side of the Tongue?
Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium
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What kind of epithelium lines the ventral side of the Tongue?
Stratified squamous epithelium
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What does the mucosa of the tongue contain?
Abundance of capillaries, arteriovenous anastomoses.
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How are the intrinsic lingual muscles of the tongue arranged?
Skeletal muscles, arranged in longitudinal, transverse, and perpendicular directions.
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What do the lingual glands of the tongue consist of? Located?
Seromucous glands, scattered between muscle fibers.
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What is on the dorsal surface of the tongue?
Numerous macroscopic lingual papillae.
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What are the functions of the lingual papillae?
Mechanical or gustatory functions.
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What papillae are purely mechanical and facilitate the movement of ingesta?
Filliform, conical, and lenticular papillae.
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What papillae are purely gustatory and contain taste buds?
Fungiform, vallate, and foliate papillae.
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The filiform papillae are what shape? Location?
Slender, thread-like. Project above the surface of the tongue.
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What kind of epithelium do the filiform papillae have?
Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium.
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What supports the Filiform papillae?
Highly vascular CT core.
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What species have well developed filiform papillae?
Ruminants and cats.
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What are the filiform papillae like in horses?
Very fine keratinized threads.
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Conical lingual papillae are larger than what?
Filiform papillae.
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Are conical lingual papillae highly keratinized?
No.
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Where are conical lingual papillae present in dogs, cats, and pigs?
Root of tongue. (Core of lymphatic tissue in pigs)
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Where are conical lingual papillae present in ruminants?
Torus linguae.
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What do the Lenticular Papillae look like? Location?
Flattened, lens-shaped projection. Present on the torus linguae of Ruminants.
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What type of epithelium do lenticular papillae consist of?
Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium w/ dense irregular CT.
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What is the shape of Fungiform Papillae?
Mushroom shaped.
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What type of epithelium do Fungiform Papillae consist of?
Stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium.
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Do Fungiform Papillae contain taste buds?
Yes, on the upper surface.
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What are the arrangements of taste buds in Fungiform Papullae?
Sparse in horse/cattle, Numerous in sheep/pig, and Abundant in carnivores/goats.
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What does the core of fungiform papillae consist of?
Rich in blood vessels and nerves.
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What are Vallate papillae surrounded by?
Epithelium lined sulcus.
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What type of epithelium do Vallate Papillae consist of?
Stratified squamous Nonkeratinized Epithelium.
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Does the Vallate papillae consist of taste buds?
Yes. Numerous occur on the papillary side of sulcus.
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What is present deep to the sulcus in Vallate Papillae?
Group of serous gustatory glands.
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The CT of Vallate Papillae is rich in what?
Blood vessels and nerves.
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What are Foliate Papillae?
Parallel folds of the lingual mucosa.
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Where are Foliate Papillae located?
On the caudo-lateral margin of the tongue.
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What type of epithelium does the Foliate Papillae consist of?
Stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium.
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Does the Foliate papillae consist of taste buds?
Yes on sides of the folds but not in Cats.
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Foliate papillae are absent in what species?
Ruminants.
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What type of epithelial cells are taste buds?
Clusters of spindle shaped epithelium.
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How many and what types of cells are present in taste buds?
- Sustentacular (supportive), Gustatory (taste receptor), and basal cells are present.
- What type of cells are taste receptors?
- Non-myelinated afferent nerve fibers.
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What is a lyssa?
Cordlike structure present in the tongue of carnivores.
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What is a lyssa composed of?
White adipose tissue, skeletal muscles, blood vessels and nerves.
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What kind of capsule encloses a lyssa?
Dense irregular CT capsule.
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What is a torus lingue?
A large prominaence on the caudal part of the dorsal surface of the Ruminant tongue.
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What is the dorsal lingual cartilage?
A mid-dorsal fibroelastic cord with hyaline cartilage, skeletal muscle, and white adipose tissue.
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Where is dorsal lingual cartilage present?
Inside the tongue of the horse.
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The tooth consists of what two parts?
Highly mineralized structures (outer part), and Pulp cavity (central part)
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What are the 3 structures of the outer part of a tooth?
Enamel, dentine, cementum
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What 4 things does the pulp cavity of a tooth consist of?
Dental pulp, core of CT, blood vessels, and nerves.
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What is the hardest substance in the body?
Enamel
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What is the enamel composed of?
99% mineral (hydroxyapatite) and 1% organic matter.
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What is enamel produced by?
Ameloblasts
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What is the enamel composed of histologically?
Long, slender rods, and enamel prisms, held together by inter-rod enamel.
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What is dentine composed of?
70% minerals, 30% organic
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What minerals are in dentine?
Hydroxyapatite mainly with some carbonate, magnesium, and fluoride.
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What is the organic part of Dentine composed of?
Mainly collagen fibrils and glycoprotein.
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What is Dentine produced by?
Odontoblasts.
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What does Cementum resemble?
Bone.
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What is cementum composed of?
Composed of lamellae oriented parallel to the surface of the tooth. Also has cementoytes occupying the lacunae.
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What are cemento-alveolar (Sharpey's) fibers composed of?
Bundles of collagen fibers, extend from the alveolar bone into the cementum of the tooth.
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What do Sharpey's fibers form?
The periodontal ligament which anchors the tooth in the alveolus.
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What teeth are short and cease to grow after eruption?
Brachydont Teeth
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What do brachydont teeth consist of?
Crown, neck, and root.
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What are the crown and root covered by in Brachydont teeth?
Crown = enamel. Root = Cementum.
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What layer in Brachydont teeth lies below enamel and cementum?
Thick layer of dentine.
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What are some examples of Brachydont teeth?
All teeth of carnivores and incisors of ruminants.
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What teeth are long and continue to grow throughout life?
Hypsodont teeth.
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What do Hypsodont teeth NOT consist of?
No crown or neck.
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What are all of the Hypsodont teeth covered by?
Cementum and enamel.
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Where does the enamel lie on Hypsodont teeth?
A thick layer of dentin.
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What is an Infundibulum in Hypsodont teeth?
A characteristic enamel invagination.
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What are some examples of Hypsodont teeth?
Cheek teeth of ruminants, all permanent teeth of horses and canine teeth in pigs.
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What are the major salivary glands?
Parotid, Mandibular, Sublingual, Zygomatic (carnivores)
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What are the minor salivary glands?
Labial, lingual, buccal, and palatine. Molar (cats)
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What is predominant in Parotid Salivary Glands?
Predominantly Serous.
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What may occasionally occur in the Parotid Salivary Glands in dogs and cats?
Occasionally isolated mucous secretory units.
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What is the parotid salivary gland composed of structurally?
Compound acinar gland.
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What has pyramidal shaped cells with basal nuclei surrounded by basophilic cytoplasm?
Parotid Salivary Gland
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What is the apex of the Parotid Salivary gland filled with?
Zymogen granules.
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Where are myoepithelial cells present between?
Between the secretory cells and basement membranes in Parotid Salivary Gland.
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What is the Intercalated duct's epithelium of Partotid Salivary gland?
Low cuboidal epithelium
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What type of epithelium lines the striated duct of the Parotid Salivary gland?
Simple columnar epithelium w/ characterists striations on the basal portion.
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What are the striations in the striated duct caused by?
Perpendicularly oriented mitochondria in the deep infolding of the basal cells.
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What type of epithelium lines the Interlobular duct of the Parotid Salivary gland?
Simple columnar epithelium. Become stratified columnar epithelium.
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What type of gland is the Mandibular Salivary Gland?
Seromucous (mixed) gland with compound tubuloacinar. Mostly mucous and serous with occasional separate serous units.
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Where are the serous demilunes located in Mandibular Salivary Glands?
Occur at periphery.
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Where do serous demilunes discharge their secretion in Mandiublar Salivary Glands?
Secretion through intercellular canaliculi.
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What type of gland is the Sublingual Salivary Gland?
Seromucous (mixed), compound tubuloacinar gland.
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What is the Sublingual Salivary Gland in Cattle, sheep, and pigs?
Almost entirely mucous.
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What is the Sublingual Salivary Gland in dogs and cats?
Clusters of serous acini and the typical mucous and serous demilunes.
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What in the Sublingual Salivary Gland is not prominant in cats and dogs?
Striated and intercalated ducts.
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In what species are the striated and intercalated ducts well developed in the sublingual salivary gland?
Horse, ruminants, and pigs.
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What is the epithelium of the main duct of the sublingual salivary gland?
Stratified cuboidal epithelium.
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What are Zygomatic salivary glands composed of?
Long branched, tubuloacinar secretory units. Predominantly mucous.
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What are the intercalated/striated ducts like in the Zygomatic salivary gland?
Nonexistent.
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What is the Molar salivary gland histologically similar to?
In Cats its similar to the Zygomatic salivary gland.
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Where is the molar salivary gland located?
Near the commissure of the lips and open into oral vestibule opposite to molar teeth.
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What are the 4 layers in the Tubular Organs?
Tunica Mucosa, Tunica Submucosa, Tunica Muscularis, Tunica serosa/adventitia
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What are the 3 layers of Tunica Mucosa in Tubular Organs?
Epithelium, Lamina propria (loose CT), Lamina muscularis.
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The tunica Mucosa of the esophagus has what type of epithelium?
Stratified squamous epithelium. Nonkeratinized in dog, slightly keratinized in pigs/horses, and highly keratinized in ruminants.
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The lamina propria of the Tunica Mucosa (esophagus) consists of?
Dense network of fine collagen fibers with an abundance of elastic fibers.
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What does the lamina muscularis of the Tunica Mucosa (esophagus) consist of?
Longitudinally oriented smooth muscle bundles.
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What does the tunica submucosa (esophagus) consist of?
Loost CT with blood vessels and nerves. Seromucous glands.
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Where are the seromucous glands located in the tunica submucosa (esophagus) of horses/cats/ruminants?
Pharyngoesophageal junction
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Where are the seromucous glands located in the tunica submucosa (esophagus) of pigs?
Cranial half of the esophagus.
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Where are the seromucous glands located in the tunica submucosa (esophagus) of dogs?
Throughout its length.
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What is the tunica muscularis (esophagus)?
Inner circular and outer longitudinal layer of muscles.
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What is the muscle in the tunica muscularis (esophagus) in dogs?
Entirely striated muscle.
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What is the muscle in the tunica muscularis (esophagus) in horses?
Cranial 2/3 = skeletal m. Caudal 1/3 smooth m.
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What layer of the tunica muscularis (esophagus) thickens at the cardia, especially in horses?
The inner circular layer, forming the cardiac sphincter.
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The tunica adventitia (esophagus) is located where?
The cervical region.
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The tunica serosa (esophagus) is located where?
The thoracic and abdominal region.
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What is the tunica adventitia/serosa composed of?
Loose CT, blood vessels, and nerves.
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What is the only glandular part of a compound stomach?
Abomasum
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Nonglandular part of stomach is absent and small in what species?
Absent = Carnivores and Small = pigs.
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What is the nonglandular region of a horse's stomach separated by?
The margoplicatus separates the glandular region.
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In what species is the nonglandular part of the stomach most prominent?
Ruminants.
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The epithelium of the nonglandular stomach is what?
Stratified squamous epithelium. (can be keratinized).
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The mucosa of the Rumen is characterized by what?
Small tongue shaped papillae.
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The epithelium of the Rumen consists of?
Stratified Squamous Keratinized Epithelium.
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Each papillae's (Rumen) core consists of?
Dense feltwork of collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers.
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What type of capillaries lie just beneath the epithelium of the Rumen?
Dense network of fenestrated capillaries.
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The lamina muscularis is absent in what?
Rumen
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What is the tunica muscularis composed of in Rumen?
Inner circular and outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle.
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The tunica serosa is covered by what in the Rumen?
Mesothelium (fat, blood vessels, and nerves)
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The mucosa of the Reticulum is characterized by what?
Reticular folds w/ vertical ridges on their sides.
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The mucosa between the folds of the Reticulum is covered by?
Conical papillae which project into the lumen.
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What is the epithelium of the Reticulum?
Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium.
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The Propria-submucosa (reticulum) is formed by what?
- Feltwork of collagen and elastic fibers. Smooth muscle in the upper reticular fold.
- What does the tunica muscularis (reticulum) consist of?
- Two layers of smooth muscle fibres that follow an oblique course and cross at right angles.
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The tunica serosa (reticulum) is like the corresponding tunica serosa in what?
Rumen.
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Where does the Reticular Groove extend?
From the cardia to the reticulo-omasal orifice.
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What is the Reticular Groove bordered by?
Two thick folds, labia (lips).
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In young animals what happens to the reticular groove when sucking?
Smooth muscle layers of labia contract creating a channel that allows the milk to bypass the rumen and reticulum.
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What does the Omasum mucosa have that is characteristic?
Omasal Laminae (leaves) w/ macroscopic papillae.
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What is the epithelium of the Omasum?
Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium.
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What does the Lamina propria (omasum) contain?
A dense subepithelial capillary network.
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The lamina muscularis (omasum) forms what?
A thick layer beneath the lamina propria on both sides of the laminae.
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The submucosa (Omasum) is what?
Very thin.
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What are the two layers of the tunica muscularis (Omasum)?
Thin outer longitudinal layer and a thicker inner circular layer of smooth muscle.
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The innermost layer of the Tunica Muscularis (Omasum) continues into what?
Continues into the omasal laminae.
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