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foot-in-door technique
agreement to smaller request leads to agreement with larger request
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out-group homogeneity
belief that members of another group are more similar in their attitudes than they actually are
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social facilitation
an increase in an individual's performance because of being in a group
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just-world phenomenon
tendency to believe in fairness, that people get what they deserve & deserve what they get
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contact theory
if members of two opposing groups are brought together in an emergency situation, group cooperation will reduce prejudicial thinking
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central route to persuasion
relatively stable change by carefully scrutinizing facts, statistics, & other information
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group think
- Irving Janis
- attempt to conform their opinions to what each believes to be the consensus of the group
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cognitive dissonance
a highly motivating state in which people have conflicting cognitions, especially when their voluntary actions conflict with their attitudes
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self-serving bias
an attributional pattern in which one takes credit for success but denies responsibility for failure
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discrimination
a negative action taken against an individual as a result of his or her group membership
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in-group
the group with which an individual identifies
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altruism
the unselfish concern of one individual for the welfare of another, "helping" behavior
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social role
one of several socially defined patterns of behavior that are expected of persons in a given setting
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social norms
a group's expectations regarding what is appropriate & acceptable for it's members' attitudes & behaviors
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jugsaw classroom
expert groups of diverse backgrounds learn one part of the lesson & share information in groups
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ethnocentrism
belief that our culture or social group is superior to others
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scape goating
blaming an innocent person or group for one's own troubles
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attribution theory
way to understand how people explain others' behaviors
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group polarization
when individuals in a group have similar, though not identical, view their opinions become more extreme
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situational factors/external attributions
environmental stimuli that explains why they acted the way they did
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scapegoat theory
attribute prejudice to frustration; when own self worth is in doubt or in jeopardy
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reciprocity
small gift makes others feel obligation to agree to later request
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dispositional factor/internal attributions
holds individual responsible
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prejudice
negative attitude toward an individual based solely on his or her membership in a particular group
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social loafing
a decrease in performance because of being in a group
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peripheral route to persuasion
superficial factors used as distractors, leading to less stable change in attitudes
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out-group
those outside the group with which an individual identifies
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bystander intervention
the active involvement of a person in a situation that appears to require his/her aid
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diffusion of responsibility/ bystander effect
dilution or weakening of each group member's obligation to act when responsibility is percieved to be shared with all group members
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asch effect
a form of conformity in which a group majority influences individual judgements
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fundamental attribution error
tendency to emphasize internal causes & ignore external pressures, more common in individualistic cultures than in collectisivistic cultures
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actor-observer bias
tendency to focus on our situations & the other person rather than his/her situation when interpreting behavior
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door-in-face technique
someone who makes a very large request we are likely to refuse & follows this up with a smaller one later on
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conformity
the tendency for people to adpot the behaviors, attitudes, & opinions of other members of a group
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deindividuation
occurs when group members lose their sense of personal identity & responsibility & the group "assumes" responsibility for their behavior
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social psychology
the branch of psychology that studies the effects of social variables & cognitions on individual behavior & social interations
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