List the 4 cranial nerves that are both sensory and motor
Trigiminal (#5)
Facial (#7)
Glossalpharyngeal (#9)
vagus (#10)
A nerve cell is called a
Neuron
Approximately how many neurons does the human brain have
100 billion
How much does the average human brain weigh?
3.2 lbs
The ____________ contains the various organelles of the nerve cell.
Nerve cell body
The nucleus controls
The functions of the cell
The ______ transmits the nerve impulse away from the nerve cell body.
Axon
The white polysaccharide sheath which surrounds some neurons
Myelin
The space between two neurons is called the
Synapse
_________ transport the impulse towards the nerve cell body.
Dendrites
_________ are linings that cover the brain and spinal cord.
Meninges
Inflammation of the meninges is called
Meningitis
The speed at which a nerve impulse travels
100 meters per second
True of false: meningitis may be viral or bacterial.
True
What is the name of the outer most meninge?
Dura mater
(tough mother)
The middle of the 3 meninges is
The arachnoid membrane
(looks like a spiders web)
The sheer thin delicate membrane which covers every nook and cranny of the brain (the inner most meninge)
Pia mater
A raise on the surface of the brain:
Gyrus
Gyri (plural)
A depression on the brain:
Sulcus
sulci (plural)
Cavities in the brain are called
Ventricles
Name the 4 ventricles
Right & left lateral ventricles
The third ventricle
& the fourth ventricle
The duct which connects the third and fourth ventricles us called
The aqueduct of Sylvius
or cerebral aqueduct
Hydrocephalus is
Fluid on the brain
What is the hard tissue which surrounds the ventricle structure, through which nerve impulses pass as they go from one cerebral hemisphere to the other side of the body?
Corpus callosum
(hard body)
The function of the Pons is
Respiration
Respiration, cough & vomit reflexes are functions of the
Medulla oblongata
The function of the cerebellum is
The coordination of skeletal muscles resulting in balance.
Name the lobes of the brain
Frontal
Parietal (2)
Temporal (2)
Occipital
The frontal lobe is responsible for
Olfaction
Memory (short & long term)
& Personality
Sensory is processed in which lobe(s) of the brain?
The parietal lobes
Vision is processed in which lobe(s) of the brain?
The occipital lobe
Audition (hearing) is processed in which lobe(s) of the brain?
The temporal lobes
There are how many cranial nerves?
12 pair
Cranial nerve #1
Olfactory nerve
Olfactory nerve: function & type
olfaction
Sensory
Cranial nerve #2
Optic nerve
Optic nerve: function & type
vision
Sensory
Cranial nerve #3
Ocularmotor nerve
Ocularmotor nerve: function & type
moves eye
Motor
Cranial nerve #4
Trochlear nerve
Trochlear nerve: function & type
moves eye
Motor
Cranial nerve #5
Trigiminal nerve
Trigiminal nerve: function & type
eye movement & some facial muscles
Sensory & Motor
Cranial nerve #6
Abduscens nerve
Abduscens nerve function & type
eye movement
Motor
Cranial nerve #7
Facial nerve
Facial nerve: function & type
stimulates muscles of expression & masticating muscles (chewing)
Sensory & Motor
Cranial nerve #8
Auditory nerve
Auditory nerve: function & type
Audition
Sensory
Cranial nerve #9
Glossopharyngeal nerve
Glossopharyngeal nerve: function & type
moves tongue & throat muscles
Sensory & Motor
Cranial nerve #10
Vagus nerve
Vagus nerve: function & type
stimulates heart to beat
Sensory & Motor
Cranial nerve #11
Spinal accessory nerve
Spinal accessory nerve: function & type
stimulates muscles of upper body trunk
Motor
Cranial nerve #12
Hypoglosso nerve
Hypoglosso nerve function & type:
controls tongue movementMotor
The central nervous system (CNS) is comprised of
The brain and spinal cord
Name 4 diseases of the central nervous system (CNS):
Herpes
Tetanus
Rabies
Polio
Herpes simplex I is
Oral sores outside of the mouth (cold sores, fever blisters)
Caused by Stress or UV light
Has no cure
Herpes simplex II is
Genital sores
Asymptomatic in females
Symptomatic in males
Treatable, not curable
Tetanus is caused by what bacteria?
Clostridium tetani
Another name for tetanus is
Lock jaw
Clostridium tetani is a ____ bacterium.
Soil
Tetanus produces a
Neurotoxin
A neurotoxin infects
Neurons
A neurotoxin effects
Muscles
The tetanus neurotoxin infects the
Glossopharyngeal (phrenic) nerve
The tetanus neurotoxin effects the _______ causing suffocation.
Diaphragm
Name the two types of tetanus prevention
Tetanus antitoxin
& tetanus toxoid
Tetanus antitoxin-
Preformed tetanus antibodies
(from humans or horses)
Lasts 6 months to a year
Tetanus toxoid-
Inactivated tetanus toxin
Stimulates the body to produce antibodies
5-10 years average 7 years
Rabies is caused by the
Rhabdo virus
The "fingerprints" for rabies are called
Negribodies
Rabies is spread through
The bite of an infected mammal
The chances of contracting rabies are lessened
The farther the bite is from the head
& if bitten through clothing
Rabies is what type of virus? Meaning it likes body temperature of about 98.6 degrees.
Mesophilic
The rabies vaccine is
1 shot into the abdominal fluid
Contains preformed antibodies
Polio is caused by the
Picorna virus
Polio typically effects only
One side of the body
Polio causes a lateral curvature of the vertebral column called
Scoliosis
The first polio vaccine injection was invented by
Jonas Salk
Louis Sabin invented
The oral polio vaccine
Polio produces a
Neurotoxin
The eye is protected by (8 things):
The glabella, eyelashes, eyebrows, eyelids, lacrimal fluid, immunoglobulin A (IgA antibody), zygomatic bone, & nose
The transparent layer over the front of the eye through which light enters is called the
Cornea
The white layer of the eye is called the
Sclera
The middle layer of the eye, where the blood vessels are located is called the
Choroid layer
The inner most layer of the eyeball
Retina
Function of the retina
Has light receptors
(rods & cones)
Ratio of rods to cones
14:1
14 rods to 1 cone
Rods perceive
Image
Cones perceive
Color
The area consisting of a small depression in the retina containing the most light receptors
Fovea centralis
The area of the retina at which the optic nerve attaches possessing no light receptors
Blind spot
The nerve which carriers the information from the eye ball to the brain
The optic nerve
(cranial nerve #II)
The fixed hole in the middle of the eye is the
Pupil
The pigmented portion of the eye, which responds to light
Iris
The area from cornea to lens which is filled with aqueous humor
Anterior cavity (chamber)
The area from lens to retina which is filled with virtuous humor
Posterior cavity (chamber)
The clear colorless transparent jelly that fills the posterior chamber of the eyeball and maintains it's shape
Vitreous humor
The clear watery fluid located between the cornea and the lens of the eye
Aqueous humor
The biconvex transparent body situated behind the iris in the eye which causes light waves to converge
The lens
Some disorders of the eye include (6):
Myopia
Hyperopia
Astigmatism
Color blindness
Cataracts
A stye
A stye is:
An inflammation of the sebaceous gland of the eyelid, causing increased sebum production.
Lens degeneration caused by: old age, high sunlight, uv light, trauma, or diabetes
Cataracts
A sex linked genetic defect which effects 4% of males and 1% of females carried on the X chromosome
Color blindness
With what eye abnormality does the image want to focus just beyond the fovea centralis
Hyperopia
With what eye abnormality does the image want to focus just in front of the fovea centralis
Myopia
Hyperopia is caused by:
Genetics or
Atrophy of the eye
(lack of nourishment)
Farsightedness is called
Hyperopia
Hyperopia is characterized by
The eye can see things far, but, not things close, clearly
The biological term for ear wax is
Cerumen
The ear possesses what type of glands which produce ear wax
Ceruminous glands
To correct myopia you would wear what type of lens
Concave
Myopia maybe caused by:
Genetics or
Trauma
(viral or bacterial infection or physical injury)
To correct hyperopia you would wear what type of lens
Convex
Myopia is characterized by
The eye can see things close, but, not things far, clearly.
Nearsightedness is called
Myopia
An astigmatism is:
An imperfection associated with the edge of the lens
List the 3 parts of the external ear
Pinna
External auditory meatus
Tympanic membrane
List the 3 parts of the middle ear
Malleus (hammer)
Incus (anvil)
Stapes (stirrup)
(The 3 smallest bones)
List the 2 parts of the internal ear
Cochlea (shell)
Semi-circular canals
The external part of the ear which gathers sound waves
Pinna
The canal through which sound waves are funneled
External auditory meatus
The tympanic membrane is the
Ear drum
The round window goes from the middle ear to the pharynx by way of
The eustachian tube
The ________ converts sound waves into electrical impulses transferring them to the temporal lobe of the brain for audition.
cochlea
The semi circular canals have
Ciliated neurons & endolymph
Endolymph is
The freely moving fluid which fills the inner ear
What drains excessive tears from the lacrimal duct into the nose
Nasolacrimal duct
You have on average how many taste buds?
8000
Taste buds are:
The receptors for taste, located on the first 2 thirds of the dorsal side of the tongue