mel

Gametes that contain half the chromosomes

The total number of number of chromosomes in a new cell is described as a ______

23 in the sperm +
23 in the egg =
46

Meiosis results in ____ daughter cells

during meiosis I, homologus chromosomes come together and line up side-by-side, the _______ results in a tertrad, an association of 4 chromatids that stay in close proximity until they seperate

Daughter cells from meiosis become gametes

Chromosomes occur in pairs, _______ they look alike and carry genes for the same traits

Meiosis I produces _____

Meiosis II produces______

there are three ways an individual is assured a different combo:

_________ is the production of sperm: occurs in the testes

_____ is the production of eggs; occurs in the ovaries

Meiosis in males results in ______ that become sperm

Meiosis in females results in _____ and ____or _____

Humans have: 46 chromosomes and 23 pairs

22 pairs are ______ - nonsex chromosomes

1 pair is the ______ - beucause they differ between sexes

Males have a (___) chromosomes

Females have a (____) chromosomes

Any cell in the body, except red blood celss, can be a source of chromosomes for karyotyping

_____ is a procedure for obtaining a sample of a amniotic fluid from the uterus of a pregent wouman: 14th and 17th week of pregnancy

_____ is aprocedure for obtaining chorionic cells in the region where the placenta will develop: 5th week of pregnancy

_____ occurs during meiosis I when both members of a homologous pair go into the same daughter cell

______ also occurs in meiosis II when the sister chromatids fail to seperate and both daughter chromosomes go intothe same gamete

______ (aka trisomy 21) because the individual usually has 3 copies of chromosomes 21

A chromosomal delection is responsible for ______
moon shaped face

A child's sex is determined by the father

______ is when the X is nearly broken, leaving the tip hanging

Turner Syndrome

Klinefelter Syndrome

Poly-X-Females

Jacob Syndrome

_____ refers to the genes of an individual

Upercase letter; always win

Lowercase letter

Alternate forms of a gene having the same position on a pair of chromosomes and affect the same trait

____ is the physical appearance of the genes

______ is EE, two of the same dominant allele; phenotype displayed is diminant

_____ is ee; two of the same recessive allele; phenotype displayed is recessive

_____ is Ee; one dominant allele and one recessive allele; phenotype displayed is dominant

EE Ee ee
attached, unattached

A _______ is used to determine the phenotypic ratio among the offspring when all possible sperm are given a chance to fertilize all possible eggs

_____ occurs when one trait is goverened by 2 or more sets of alleles
the effects are also additive
the results is a continuous variation of phenotypes

Environmental influences example is ______

_____ occurs when alleles are equally expressed in a heterozygote; blood type and skin color are examples

______ is exhibited when they heterozygote has an intermediate phenotype between that of either homozygote; hair is an example

Blood type is determined by _________

AA
AO

BB
BO

OO

A male always receives a sex-linked trait from his mother
When he inherited the X chromosome

Genetic counselors often construct _____ to determine whether a disorder is dominant or recesive

_____ is disease that results from a lack of _____ enzyme Hex A

Lysosomes fill to capacity with ______ that cannot be broken down, the cells become so full that the child dies

______ is when mucus in the bronchial tubes and pancreatic ducts is very thick and viscous

Research shows Cl- ions fail to pass through plasma membrane channel proteins in cells in ______

_____ individuals lack an enzyme that is needed for the normal metabolism of the amino acid phenylalanine
abnormal breakdown product, phenylketone accumulates in the urine

small benign tumors called neurofibromas that arise from the fibrous coverings of nerves develop
Gene 17 controls the productions of protein called neurofibromin that normally blocks growth signals leading to cell division

______ is the neurological disorder that leads to progressive degeneration of brain cells. that in turn causes severe muscle spasms and personality disorders

______ is this disorder is controlled by incompletely dominant alleles

If a male has an X-linked recessive condition his daughter are _______ - appear normal but can pass on allele for a genetic disorder

Recessive alleles on the X chromosomes are always expressed in males since Y chromosome does not have a corresponding allele

Color blind people were used during the wars as a benefit to spot camoflauge camps

______ is characterized by a wasting away of the muscles

The recessive allele is remains in the population through passage from carrier mother to carrier daughter

Hemophilia A-absence of clotting factor VIII
Hemophilia B-absence of clotting factor IX

_____ consist of the brain and spinal cord

______ consists of nerves that carry info to the CNS

______ support and nurish neurons

There are three classes of neurons:

_____ take nerve impulses to the CNS

_____ sum up nerve impulses recieved from sensory neurons before relaying with motor neurons

_____ take nerve impulses away from the CNS to effectors

______ carry out our responses to environmental changes

_____ contains the nucleus and organelles

_____ receive signals

____ conducts nerve impulses

A type of neurogilia called ______ form the myelin sheath

_____ means the axon is NOT conducting an impulse

A membrane protein that actively transports Na out and K into the axon

Distribution of ions is due to a sodium-potassium pump

_____ means the axon is conducting an impulse

during depolarization Na moves inside the axon
during repolarization K moves outside the axon

As soon as an action potential moves on, the previous portion undergoes a ______- during which the Na gates are unable to open

A ____ is a gap between neurons

Transmission across a synapse is carried out by _______

ACh and NE are the most well known neurotransmitters

Each portion causes an action potential in the next portion of an axon

Both the spinal cord and brain are protected by bone and _______

Spaces between the meninges are filled with ______ which cushions and protects the CNS

Composed of two types of nervous tissue

____protects the spinal cord

The function of the spinal cord

The _____ is the largest portion of the brain

_____ is a region of the brain that accounts for sensation, voluntary movement and thought process associated with consciousness

_____ is the frontal lobe; voluntary commands to the skeletal muscles begin here

______ is the parietal lobe; sensory info from the skin and skeletal muscle arrives here

_____ is a motor speech area in the left frontal lobe

_____ helps maintain homeostasis by regulating hunger, sleep, thirst, body temp and H₂O balance

_____ serves as a link between the nervous and endocrine systems

______ receiving end for all sensory input except smell; also invovled in memory and emotions

______ recieves sensory input from the eyes, ears, joints, and muslce about the present position of the boyd parts
______ assists in the learning of new motor skills

The brain stem contains:

_____ has reflex centers for visual, auditory and tactile responses

_____ helps regulate breathing rate and has reflex centers concerned with head movements

_____ contains reflex centers for regulating heartbeat, breathing, and blood pressure, vomitng, coughing, sneezing, hiccupping, and swallowing

Reticular activating system causes a person to be alert

____ in the temperal lobe; makes the prefrontal area aware of past experiences

_____ can cause past experiences to have emotion

Learning takes place when we retain and utillize past memories

____ are a budle of axons called nerve fibers

The PNS is divided into the somatic system and the autonomic system

______ serves the skin, skeletal muscles and tendons

Involuntary reflexes allow to respond rapidly to external stimuli

______ regulates the activity of cardiac and smooth muscle and glands

The system is divided into the symathetic and parasympatetic

Sympathetic division brings about responses associated with fight or flight

_____ brings about the responses associated with a relaxed state

Drug usually have two effects

____ is used as an energy source, and as such will decrease the rate at which we burn fat for energy

In the CNS _____ causes neuorns to release dopamine

_____ prevents uptake of dopamine causing the user to experience a rush sensation

_____ binds to receptors meant for the endorphins

_____ binds to a receptor for anadamide

_____ attaches to dopamine and NE receptors, hinders reuptake
_____ reverses effects of fatigue

_____ is the gradual loss of reason that begins with memory lapses and ends with the inability to perform daily activties

During Alzheimers Disease the neurons have 2 abnormalities

During _____, the basil nuclei are overactive because of degeneration of dopamine-releasing neurons

The male gonads are the _____ which are located in the _______

The testes produce ____

Sperm mature in the ______ and then move to the _______

3 structures add secretions to seminal fluid:

Each component of seminal fluid is required for a particular function

During sexual arousal ______ is produced and erectile tissue fills with blood

Sperm counts can be low and still achieve fertilization

The testes lie outside the body cavity within the _____

____ is the inability to produce offspring

The internal temperature of the body is too high to produce viable sperm

The scrotum helps regulate the temperature of the testes

Mature sperm has three distinct parts

The ______ contains the mitochondria of the sperm

The ____ contains an acrosome of the sperm

In males the _____ promotes production of sperm

In males the _____ controls the production fo testosterone

_____ is the main sex hormone in males

_____ is essential for normal development; brings about and maintains the male secondary sex caracteristics

The female gonads are the _____

____ is the process by which an egg burst from an ovary

The oviducts have fingerlike projections called _____

The ____ is a thick-walled muscular oragan

Fertilization usually takes place in the _____

_____ is when the embryo embeds into the prepared uterine lining

_____ is collectively known as the vulva

The ____ is the organ of the sexual arousal and contains erectile tissue

Ooctes are present at birth, so they age with the female

During the _____ phase- FSH promotes the development of a follicle in the ovary-secretes estrogen

During the _____phase-LH promotes the development of the corpus luteum-secretes progesterone

As the luteal phase comes to an end, menstruation occurs

Day ___: ovulation occurs

Estrogen and Progesterone:

______ is a small piece of molded plastic that is inserted into the uterus by a physician

_____ is a latex cup that lodges behind the pubic bone and sits over the cervix

_____ uses synthetic progesterone to prevent ovulation

_____ is the failure of a couple to achieve pregnancy after 1 year of regular, unprotected intercourse

The most common causes of infertility in females the most common causes are blocked oviducts, endometriosis and weight

_____ is the presence of uterine tissue outside of the uterus in the oviducts and on the abdominal organs

In males the most frequent causes of infertility is low sperm count and/or a large proportion of abnormal sperm

A variation of AID is intrauterine insemination (IUI)

During meiosis I the _____ line up during a process known as synapis

How many daughter cells are present at the end of meiosis II?

In what ways can meiosis assure new genetic combinations occur in offspring?

What is the nature of the daughter cells following meiosis II?

Oogenesis results in the production of _____

The correct number of chromosomes found in a gamete (egg or sperm) is _______?

_____ is a procedure for obtaining a sample of amniotic fluid from the uterus of a pregnant woman, which increase the risk for spontaneous abortions by about .3%

An abnormal chromosome makeup in an individual can be due to nondisjunction which can occur during ______

The sex chromosomal genetype of an individual who has Turner syndrome is ______; these females have underdeveloped ovaries, do not undergo puberty, and have only one sex chromosomes.

______ refers to the genes of an individual.

A recessive allele must be received from both parents to bring about on autosomal recessive phenotype.

Multifactorial inheritance has an additive effect that results in a continuous variation of phenotypes.

In Tay-Sachs disease, individuals lack the enzyme Hex A, and their lysosomes fill to capacity with ____ that cannot be broken down resulting in death.

More males have X-linked recessive disorders because the Y chromosome lacks the corresponding allele.

A myelin sheath is formed when Schwann cells wrap pieces of their plasma membranes around an axon

_____ is found in the frontal lobe and is the origination point of voluntary commands sent to the skeletal muscles.

The ____ is found within the limbic system and causes the prefrontal area to be aware of past experiences.

Nicotine is quickly delivered to the nervous system where it causes neurons to release ______

Basal nuclei that become overactive because of degerneration of dopamine-releasing neurons are characteristic of which of the following neurodegenerative disorders?

Aside from energy, sugar, and a basic pH, seminal fluid also has ______ which causes uterine contractions, possibly aiding the journey of sperm cells to the egg.

The normal site of fertilization within the female body is the _____

During the _____ phase, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) promotes the development of a follicle inthe ovary which secretes estrogen and progesterone.

Estrogen and progesterone _______

An IUD is inserted into the _____ and is believed to alter the environment so that fertilization will not likely occur