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basic research
want to get information about what your studying (establishing knowledge)
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psychology
scientific study of mental processes & behavior
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biological view
searches for the causes of behavior in the functioning of genes, the brain and nervous system
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sociocultural view
emphasizing the importance of social interaction, learning, and cultural perspective
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sports psychologists
help athletes refine their focus on competition, goals, increase motivation, deal with anxiety, & fear of failure
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functionalism
- William James
- historical school of psychology that believed mental processes could best be understood in terms of their adaptive purpose & function
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applied research
basic research that is applied to the field
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human factors psychologists
psychologists that explore how people & machines interact at home in the workplace to minimize frustration & maximize safety & productivity
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psychoanalysis
- Sigmund Freud
- emphasized unconscious processes, repressed memories, & early childhood experiences.
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evolutionary view
- Charles Darwin
- sees behavior and mental processes in terms of their genetic adaptations for survival and reproduction (natural selection)
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trait view
- Hippocrates
- personalities were rules by four body fluids (personality types)
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school psychologists
assess & counsel students, perform behavioral interventions if necessary
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clinical psychologists
help people evaluate and treat mental, emotional, and behavioral problems
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social psychologists
focus on how a person's mental life & behavior is shaped by interactions with others
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introspection
report on one's conscious mental experiences (inward looking)
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experimental psychologists
conduct basic research in psychology, work primarily in schools/universities
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developmental psychologists
study people throughout their lifespan
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industrial psychologists
aim to improve productivity and the quality of work life by applying psychological principles and methods to the workplace
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structuralism
- Wilhelm Wundt
- Edward Titchener
- revealing basic structures or elements of the mind, break down experience into sensations
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confirmation bias
tendency to attend to evidence that complements & confirms our beliefs or expectations, while ignoring evidence that does not
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humanistic view
- Abraham Maslow
- Carl Rogers
- emphasizing positive side of human ability, growth, potential, and free will; main goal to reach self-actualization
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rehab psychologists
help clients with mental retardation, developmental disabilities, and disabilities resulting from stroke or accidents
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developmental view
interaction between the heredity programmed in our genes & the experiences presented by our environment, covers the whole lifespan
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cognitive view
emphasizes mental processes such as learning, memory, perception, and thinking brain is like biological computer
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health psychologists
concentrate on biological, psychological, and social factors involved in health & illness
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gestalt psychology
- Max Wertheimer
- historical school of psychology that sought to understand how the brain works by studying perception, "perceptual wholes"
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behavorism
- John Watson
- Rosalie Rayner
- B.F. Skinner
- sought to make psychology an objective science focused only on behavior- observable events, rewards, and punishments
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