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What are the two major parts of a typical vertebra?
Body and Arch
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List the 7 processes of a typical vertebra.
1 spine, 2 transverse processes, 4 articular processes (2 cranial and 2 caudal)
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Where do the spinal nerves leave the vertebral canal?
Intervertebral foramen (the Woodstock/ horse)
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What is formed by all of the vertebral foramina of all the vertebrae?
Vertebral canal
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What is the laminae of the vertebrae?
Roof (top of arch) of vertebral foramen
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What is the interarcuate space?
Dorsal gap between adjacent vertebral arches
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With what does the atlas (C1) articulate?
Occipital condyles of skull
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What are the large lateral masses of the atlas?
Wings of atlas (transverse processes)
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What peg-like process on the axis forms a pivot articulation with the atlas (C2)?
Dens
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What is the large ventral projection of the 6th cervical vertebra?
Transverse process ("sled")
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What joint is formed by the atlas and the skull?
Atlanto-occipital joint, "yes" joint
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The articular of the axis with the atlas is known as the ___ joint
Atlantoaxial joint, "no" joint
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Name the fibrocartilages between the bodes of adjacent vertebrae
Intervertebral discs
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What are the two parts of an intervertebral disc?
Annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus
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What elastic connective tissue structure attaches the 1st thoracic spine to the spine of the axis (C2) in the dog?
Nuchal ligament, none in cat
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What elastic tissue fills the dorsal space (interarcuate space) between arches of the adjacent vertebrae?
Ligamentum flavum, interarcuate, or yellow ligament
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What connects the heads of a pair of opposite ribs, crossing the dorsal part of the intervertebral discs?
Intercapital ligament
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What are the two paired "strap muscles" of the neck?
Sternohyoideus and Sternothyroideus mm.
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Name the muscle extending from the sternum to the head
Sternocephalicus m.
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What forms "envelopes" around the muscles of the neck?
Deep fascia of the neck
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What muscles are above the transverse processes of the vertebrae?
Epaxial mm.
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Name the two major epaxial muscles of the back
Iliocostalis and Longissimus mm.
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What muscles are below the vertebrae's transverse processes?
Hypaxial mm.
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What is the hypaxial muscle in the neck and cranial to the thorax?
Longus colli m.
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What is the main hypaxial/ sublumbar muscle of the abdomen?
Psoas major m.
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Where is the common carotid artery located?
Beside the trachea in the carotid sheath
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What glandular structures are under the omotransversarius muscles just cranial to the shoulder?
Superficial cervical (prescapular) lymph node
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List the two important structures enclosed in the carotid sheath
Common carotid artery, vagosympathetic trunk
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Where is the esophagus located in the middle of the neck?
On left
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What is the gland just caudal to the larynx on the trachea?
Thyroid gland
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What is the part of the hyoid apparatus crossing the midline?
Basihyoid bone
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Name the five divisions of the spinal cord
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and caudal
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What are the ascending and descending tracks of the spinal cord and what do they carry?
- Ascending: sensory information
- Descending: upper motor neurons (UMN), motor information
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Where does the spinal cord end in the dog? Cat? Humans?
Dog: L6 (6-7), Cat: S1-3, Human: L2
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Ventral branches of spinal nerves interlace to form ____
Plexuses
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What nerve travels along the dorsal border of the omotransversarius muscle?
Accessory n. (cranial n. 11)
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What plexus supplies some of the extrinsic and all of the intrinisic muscles of the thoracic limb?
Brachial
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Plexuses are formed by the ventral branches of spinal nerves in every region except which?
Thorax (except T1-2)= intercostal nn.
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The ventral brances of the thoracic nevers T3-13 do not form a plexus, but pass in the intercostal spaces as ____ neves
Intercostal nn.
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What plexus supplies the abdominal wall, pelvic limb, external genitalia, rump, and perineum?
Lumbrosacral plexus
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What forms the spinal nerve? Into what do spinal nerves divide?
Roots (dorsal and ventral), branches (dorsal and ventral)
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How do spinal nerves leave the vertebral canal?
Through intervertebral foramen
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What spinal nerve branches supply sensation from the skin of the abdominal wall?
Dorsal: upper flank (including area below transverse processes), ventral: rest
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What are the six major functional regions of the spinal cord?
- -Cranial (C1-5),
- -Cervial (brachial) enlargement (C6-T1),
- -Thoracic and cranial lumbar (T2-L3),
- -Sacral (S2-3),
- -Caudal (Ca1-5)
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What does the sacral region of the spinal cord supply?
Reflex control of urination, defication, sexual reflexes, and parasympathetic outflow
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What is the function of proprioceptive fibers?
Sense position of body parts to each other and to environment
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Over what structures do proprioceptive fibers travel?
Peripheral nn., spinal cord, brain stem, cerebellum, and cerebrum
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What is a dermatome? Autonomous zone?
Area of skin innervated by a nerve, only 1 spinal nerve respectively
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What are UMN and LMN?
- LMN: leave CNS area as peripheral nerves
- UMN: in CNS, affect LMN's
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What is the function of MOST UMNs?
Inhibit spontaneous activity of LMN until an action is desired
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LMN's are ______ ________ without the input of UMN's
Spontaneously active
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List the meninges from outer to inner
Dura matter, arachnoid, and pia mater
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List the spaces that are related to the meninges
- Epidural: between dura mater and periosteum
- Subdural: potential space between the dura mater and arachnoid
- Subarachnoid space: between the arachnoid and pia (CSF)
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What is the enlargement of the subarachnoid space between the medulla oblongata and cerebellum?
Cisterna magna (cerebellomedullary cistern)
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What fills the gap between the dorsal edge of the foramen magnum and the atlas?
Dorsal atlanto-occipital membrane
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What is the unpaired artery running longitudinally on the vertebral canal floor in the ventral median fissure length of the spinal cord
Ventral spinal artery
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What are the paired, thin- walled, valveless vessels on the vertebral canal floor in the epidural space from the skull to the caudal vertebrae?
Internal vertebral venous plexus
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What are the vessels located on the ventral surface of the tail?
Median caudal artery and vein
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How are the dorsal and ventral edges of the vertebral canal checked in back radiographs?
Check for alignment, they should be two straight lines without step defects
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What should be evaluated in the area of the axis and atlas?
The dens (odontoid process), it should be present and held in the ventral veterbral canal
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How are the intervertebral disc spaces in back radiographs evaluated?
Triads (3 adjacent spaces) are compared for different sizes
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Describe the appearance of the intervertebral foramen (considered "windows" to the spinal cord)
Look like Snoopy's little bird buddy "Woodstock" or a "horse head" in profile
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How are the intervertebral foramen compared in back radiographs?
For differences due to disc space differences
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What is a landmark in a lateral film of the caudal neck?
"SLEDS" or transverse processes of C6
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How does a myelogram appear?
Subarachnoid space lights up = two white lines (columns) separated by a space (the invisible spinal cord)
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What may narrowing of the intervertebral space indicate?
Protruded disc
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Describe the three possible types of spinal column lesion
- Extradural lesion: outside the dura mater
- Intradural lesion: between spinal cord and dura mater
- Intramedullary (spinal cord) lesion: inside cord
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What are the myelogram findings for the following lesions:
Extradural, intradural, and intramedullary (spinal cord) lesions
- Extradural: thinning or break of columns pushed inward at lesion, expanded cord/ thinned columns in other view
- Intradural: widening of subarachnoid space, expanded cord/ thinned columns in other view
- Intramedullary: Expanded cord/ thinned columns in all views
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What is the disease of the cervical vertebrae in large breeds causing stenosis of the vertebral canal resulting in ataxia (unsteady gait)?
Cervical spondylomyelopathy, canine wobbler disease
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What is excessive ventral lumbar curvature?
Lordosis (swayback)
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