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Cells are small because they need a
surface area to volume ratio
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Small, usually circular, super coiled DNA molecules
Plasmids. Plasmids contain genes but are physically independent of the main cellular chromosome.
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Protein filaments that help maintain cell shape
cytoskeleton
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Bacteria Organelles preform an array of tasks:
- * storing calcium ions and other key molecules
- *holding crystals of mineral magnetite
- *organizing enzymes responsible for synthesizing complex carbon bonds from carbon dioxide
- * sequestering enzymes that generate chemical energy from ammonium ions
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Incompatible chemical reactions can be separated
Chemical reactions become more efficient
Compartmentalization
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Contains chromosomes and functions as an information storage and processing center
nucleus
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Encloses the nucleus, double memberane
nuclear envelope
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Nuclear envelope pore like openings, fibrous proteins that form a lattice-like sheet
nuclear lamina
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DNA combines with proteins to form
chormatin
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Before cell division, chromatin aggregates to form
chromosomes
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Nuclear envelope contains membrane bound sacs
endoplasmic reticulum
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Contains enzymes that catalyze reactions involving lipids
Smooth ER
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Site of protein synthesis
Ribosomes
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Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus forms this system
endomembrane system
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Consists of flattened, membranous sacs called cisternae which are stacked on top of each other
Golgi apparatus
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Fluid proportion of the cytoplam
cytosol
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complex molecular machines that manufacture proteins
ribosomes
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these organelles have a singular membrane and originate as buds from the ER, are centered for oxidation reactions, collect toxic by-products of metabolism such as H2O2
peroxisomes
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Functions as digestive center, originate from the Golgi Apparatus, contain single bilayer membrane
lysosomes
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Damaged organelles are surrounded by a membrane and then delivered to a lysosome
autophagy
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the plasma membrane of a cell surrounds a smaller cell or food particle and engulfs it forming a structure call a phagosome
phagocytosis
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process by which the cell membrane can pinch off a vesicle to bring outside into the cell
receptor-mediated endocytosis
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brings fluid into the cell
pinocytosis
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Process of Phagocytosis
detection, phagosome formation, delivery to lysosomes and digestion, release of particles into cytosol
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Process of Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Macromolecule bind to receptors, early endosome forms, processing, digestive enzymes recieved, mature lysosome
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Special peroxisomes in plants, packed with enzymes that oxidize fats
glyoxysomes
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Powerhouse of the cell, chemical energy required to build all these organelles and do other types of work comes from ATP produced from this organelle
mitochondria
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Sunlight is converted into chemical energy during phtosynethesis in this organelle
chlorplast
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branching, cagelike network that is almost impossible for enzymes to attack, found in secondary cell wall
lignin
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