Biochemistry

Atoms, Molecules, Organelles, Cells, Tissues, Organ, Organ System, Organism

Genetics and Heredity

Mutation and Natural Selection

Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

Organic molecules

Hydrogen, Oxygen, Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur,

Hydrocarbons

• Monosaccarides (sugar that makes carbs)
• Fatty Acids (part of many lipids)
• Nueclotides - Join to form RNA and DNA

Nitrogenous base, Ribose or deoxyribose sugar, ring phosphate group

• It is a polymer of 2 polynucloetide strands wrapped in a right hand double helix.
• Has Sugar (deoxyribose) phosphate backbone
• Bases paired with Hydrogen Bonding (A-T and G-C)
• Carries the genes of an organism

• A polymer of polynucleotide strands
• Has a sugar (ribose) phosphate backbone
• Has the bases A-U and G-C

• Messenger mRNA
• Transfer tRNA
• Ribosomal rRNA

Metabolism

• 1. Synthesis of biomolecules
• 2. Active transport of ions and molecules over cell membrane.
• 3. Production of movement and force.
• 4. Removal of metabolic waste and other toxic substances.

Mechanism or Redox Reactions

• Nucleophilic Substitution
• Addition- 2 molecules combine to give 1 (usually double bonded)
• Elimination- a molecule loses atoms usually in the form of a small molecule like water.
• Hydrolysis- water splits a covalent bond and inserts itself.

• Oxidation- Loss of 2 Hydrogen and/or gain of an oxygen
• Reduction- Gain of 2 Hydrogen and/or loss of an oxygen

The capacity to do work.

Redox reactions

The sun

The sum of all the enzyme- catalyzed reactions in a living organism.

• Anabolism (biosynthetic)- pathways in which large complex molecules are synthesized from smaller molecules
• Catabolic pathways- large complex molecules are degraded into simpler products. (a portion of the energy produced derive anabolic reactions)

• 1. Synthesis of biomolecules use energy from ATP
• 2. Transport across membrane through membrane bound protein.
• 3. Cell movement
• 4. Waste removal

The chemical information in gene (DNA) directs the assembly of amino acids into polypeptides (proteins)

Flow DNA (transcription) --> RNA (translation) --> Protein

using the energy driven changes in the three- dimensional shape of proteins

• Bacilli (Rod)
• Spirilli (coiled)
• Cocci (spheroidal)

By a peptidoglycan rigid cell wall that maintains shape

By a peptidoglycan rigid cell wall and an outer lipid bilayer

The circular DNA molecule or chromosome

The small circular DNA molecules separated from the chromosome

Fine hair-like structures that allow for attachment to food sources and host tissues.

• Contains the cells hereditary information, DNA, and exerts influence on cellular activities.
• Directs synthesis of protein cell components.
• Surrounded by nuclear envelope.

• Responsible for aerobic respiration.
• contains DNA molecules and components for protein synthesis

• It separates the eukaryotic cell from its external environment.
• Its composed of lipids and proteins
• Has a role in intercellular communication

• Lipid Synthesis
• Biotransformation- water-insoluble organic molecules are prepared for excretion

Production of membrane protein and proteins for cell export

Packaging and distribution of cell products to both internal and external call compartments. (post office)

synthesis of ribosomal RNA

• Single membrane sac-like organelles that contain aggregates of digestive enzymes.
• Functions
• Digestion of food
• Digestion of worn out or unneeded cell components.
• Breakdown of extracellular material

Small spherical organelles that contain oxidative enzymes. They form and breakdown peroxides.

In plants leaves, it is involved in photorespiration

It is glyoxysome which converts fats to carbohydrates.

It is a network of proteinaceous fibers and filaments.

• Maintain cell shape
• Facilitation of coherent cellular movement
• Provision of a supporting network that guides the movement of organelles

Convert light energy to chemical energy.

it is responsible for the metabolic function of the chloroplast. its interior is the lumen. tightly stacked portion of the thylakoid membrane are called grana.