Nursing exam III

substance used to diagnose, treatment, cure, relief, or prevention of health alterations

ensures that all medications on the market undergo vigerous testing before they are sold to the public

passage of medication molecules into the blood from the sire of medication administration

the study of how medications enter the body , reach their site of action, metabolize and exit the body

produces the most rapid absorbtion because medications are immediately available when they enter the systemic circulation

the combined effect of the two medications is greater then the effect of the medications when given seperatly

time it takes for excretion processes to lower the serum medication concentration in half

time it takes after a medication is administered for it to produce a response

time it takes for a medication to reach its highest effective concentrations

minimum blood serum concentration of medication reached just before the next scheduled dose

time during which the medication is present in concentration great enough to produce a response

blood serum concentration of a medication reached and maintained after repeated fixed doses

involved injecting a medication into body tissues

through a catheter placed in the subarachnoid space or one of the ventricles of the brain

invloves the infusion of medication directly into the bone marrow

administered into the peritoneal cavity are absorbed into the circulation

injection or chest rude is used to administer medications directly into the pleural space

administered directly into the arteries

injection of medication into a joint

given mass of solid substance dissolved in a known volume of fluid or a given volume of liquid dissolved in a known volume of another liquid

the six rights of medication administration are:

when the client takes two medications to treat the same illness

contributes to body tissue restoration

necessary for brain tissue restoration and appears to be important for cognitive restoration

sudden muscle weakness during intanse emotioins such as anger, sadness or laughter
occurs at any time of the day

somanbulism

bruxism

the right ventrical pumps blood through the ________ circulation

the left ventricle pumps blood through the _______ circulation

what two valves are involved in S1 and what is the action
Right side

what to valves are involved in S2 and what is the action
left side

stretching fibers to maximum without going too far to produce effective contraction

results in decreased pumping action and decrease in the volume of blood ejected from the ventricles

cause a decrease in ciculation blood volume and a decrease in stroke volume

what are the valves doing in the S1 and S2 sounds

supplies myocardium with O₂ and nutrients
removes wastes

these fill during ventricular diastole

most abundant blood supply

the amount of blood ejected from the left vent. each min

normal cardiac output is

amount of blood ejected from the left vent. with each contraction

blood in the left vent. at the end of diastole

resistance to left vent. ejection

pacemaker of the heart

influences the rate of impulse generation and speed of conduction pathways

increases the rate of impulse generated and impulse transmission and innervates all parts of atria and ventricle

decreases the rate and innervates atria, ventricles and SA and AV nodes

in the right atrium next to the entrance of the Superior vena cava

electrical impulses are transmitted thru the atria along intraatrial pathways
mediates impulses between atria and the ventricles

atrial depolarization

Electrical conduction from SA node to purkinje fibers

ventricular depolarization

ventricular repolarization

regular or irregular

the process of moving gases into and out of the lungs

intraplural pressure is ________ or less then atmospheric pressure

major muscle of respiration and is innervated by the pherenic nerve

the ability of the cardiovascular system to pump oxygenated blood to the tissues and return deoxygenated blood to the lungs

responsible for moving respiratory gases from one area to another

active process stimulated by chemical receptors in the aorta

passive process that depends on elastic recoil properties of the lungs, requiring little or no muscle work

moves blood to and from the alveolar capillary membranes for gas exchange

exchange of respiratory gases in the alveoli and capillaries
O₂ is transferred from the lungs to the blood
Co₂ is transfered from the blood to the alveoli and exhaled

consists of lungs and cardiovascular system
depends on the amount of O₂ entering the lungs, blood flow to the lungs and tissues, rate of diffusion, and O₂ carrying compacity

diffuses into red blood cells and is hydrated into carbonic acid (H₂CO₃)

extracellular fluid loss and reduced circulation blood volume

caused by electrical impulses that do not originate from the SA node (dysrhythmias)

reduce cardiac output by decreasing diastolic filling time

lower cardiac output because of decreased heart rate

electrical impulses are choatic and originates from multiple sites

characterized by pink frothy sputum

is acquired or congenital disorder of a cardiac valve by stenosis or regurgitation

coronary artery flow to the myocardium is insufficient to meet myocardial oxygen demands

ventilation in excess of that required to eliminate carbon dioxide preduced by cellular metabolism

alveolar ventilation inadequate to meet the bodys oxygen demand or to eliminate sufficient carbon dioxide

inadequate tissue oxygenation at the cellular level

blue discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes desaturated hemoglobin

used when the client can cough effectively but is not able to clear secretion

used when the client is unable to manage secretions

prevents obstruction of the trachea by displacement of the tounge into oropharynx

short-term use to ventilate, relieve upper airway obstruction, protect against aspiration, clear secretions

long term assistance, surgical incision made into trachea

reduced pulmonary stasis, maintains ventilation and oxygenation

encourages voluntary deep breathing

a catheter placed through the thorax to remove air and fluids from the pleural space or to prevent air from reentering or to reestablish intrapleural and intrapulmonic pressures

to prevent or relieve hypoxia

CO₂ is a toxic inhalant that decreases the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood bye

fever increases the tissues need for oxygen, and as a result, CO₂ production

movement of a solvent across a semipermeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to and aread of higher solute concentration

both sides are equal
(0.9%NaCl)

high osmotic pressure
pulls fluid from the cells causing them to shrink
(3%NaCl)

lower osmotic pressure
moves fluid into the cells, causing them to enlarge
(0.45%NaCl)

random movement of a solute in a solution from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration

process by which H2O and diffusable substances move together across a membrane in response to fluid pressure, moving from high to lower concentration

requires energy
allows cells to admit bigger molecules
moves molecules from areas of lower concentration to high concentration "uphill"

thirst control center is in the

increases osmotic pressure and stimulates thirst response

average fluid intake

stored in posterior pituitary gland
released in response to changes in blood osmolarity
prevenets diuresis causing the body to save H2O

secreted by the kidneys
causes massive vasoconstriction and increases blood flow to the kidneys

overall effecet is Na and H2O retension

released by adrenal cortex in response to elevated K
increases reabsorbtion of Na

secreted from the atrial cells of the heart in response to atrial stretching and increased blood circulating volume
acts as a diuretic that causes Na to decrease and inhibits thirst mechanism

Cl follows ____

when one leaves the other one enters

most abundant cation is

when one cation leaves the cell it is ______

regulated by dietary intake and aldosterone
nerve impulses and transmission

regulated by renal excreation

stored in bone, plasma, and body cells
binds to the protein Albumin

regulated by renal mechanism, and parathyroid hormone

transport of this follows Na
regulated by kidneys and dietary intake

major chemical base buffer in the body
found in both ECF and ICF
regulated by the kidneys

regulated by renal excretion, intestinal absorbtioin and PTH
assists in acid base regulation

inversly proportional
if one rises the other one falls

include the lungs and kidneys
buffering systems neutralize acids and bases

absorb of release H to correct an acid imbalance

the high the hydrogen the more

control excretion of H and HCO3

absorbed or released by cells
when it enters a cell K leaves and enters the ECF, causing raised K

located in the lungs and kidneys
higher Hydrogen and CO2 stimulate respiration

with this condition respirations go up and acidic levels go down

in this condition respirations decrese and acidic levels increase

this imbalance is a common cause of seizures and postural hypotension
Cl levels will follow

these imbalances are a common cause of cardiac arrthymias and ECG abnormalities

this imbalance causes muscle weakness and GI disturbances

common cause of hypoactive reflexes, weakness, kidney stones

common cause of hyperactive reflexes, numbness, tingling and muscle cramps

nonpermeable
cant go in and out
bound to the plasma
blood products
increase RBC, intravenous volume
have platelets and clotting factor

permeable IV solution
isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic

used when administering blood products in order to prevent hemolysis of RBCs

must be changes after 24 hours

must be changed after 72 hours

must be changes after 48 hours

is like a sponge pulling fluid in intravascular space

can be caused by meds and trauma
treated with moist heat
redness and warmth at site

fluid in tissue
pallor, pain, cold, edema
apply moist heat

can be caused by the insertion of a central line

result in itching, raised temperature, and raised blood pressure

pain that is somatic, visceral, or neurpathic

pain in the muscles, skin or skeletal

pain in the organs

pain in the nerves

the goal of this type of care is to learn hor to live life fully

are programs for end of life care

An active, organized, cognitive process used to carefully examine ones thinking and the thinking of others

recognizing an issue exists, analyzing information, evaluating information and making conclusion

the ability to solve complex problems effectivley

information you obtain through the use of senses

your judgement or interpretation of cues

describes the clients self-report of health and well being; how client manages health; knowledge of preventative health practices

describes the clients daily/weekly pattern of food and fluid intake
actual weight, weight loss or gain

descrives patterns of excretory function
(bowel, bladder, skin)

describes patterns of exercise, activity, leisure, and recreation; ability to perform activitys of daily living

describes patterns of sleep, rest, and relaxation

describes sensory-perceptual patterns; language adequacy, memory, decision making ability

describes the clients self concept pattern and perceptions of self

describes the clients patterns of role engagements and relationships

describes the clients patterns of satisfaction and dissatisfaction with sexuality pattern; clients reproductive patterns;