Research Midterm Flashcards.txt

An examination of events yet to occur. Determines the correlation between a condition or a characteristic shared by one member of a group noting the variable(s) and the changes that do/do not occur.

A review of records from the past, possibly through interview regarding past events. The study is based on making correlations between an event or phenomenon and one that happened in the past.

Institutional Review Board

The US database for bibliographic info and sites.

Abstract, Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion, References, Notes and Acknowledgements

Rationale, intention, theory. Describe the importance of the study, defend the model, provide a rationale and specific hypothesis or objectives.

To document and describe the materials and procedures so the study can be copied or judged for merit. It needs to be very specific so that someone else could replicate the study, or just so that the validity/reliability can be justified. Participants, Materials, and Procedure (including design and validity/reliability).

The resuls section is comprised of data. It is objective. Tables and figures are important to show the reader differences, changes, etc.

The discussion section is the interpretation of the data presented in the results section; tells if hypothesis was correct and notes limitations. The conclusion gives the summary for implications for the field (not required).

• 1. A manuscript is received.
• 2. An associate editor is assigned.
• 3. Associate editor sends the manuscript to two editorial consultants.
• 4. A decision is made:
• a. Accept publication
• b. Accept w/ contingency that author will make changes.
• c. Decision is deferred pending major revisions and another review.
• d. Reject publication

Basic and Applied Research

Primary (first appearance; interview, case study), Secondary (interpret info; article on case study), Tertiary (rudimentary overview; textbook/dictionary)

"To search again;" result in confirmation or evidence against known facts and principles; an attempt to answer formerly unanswered questions; search for and discovery of formerly misunderstood or un-conceived principles and facts; a means of discovering a larger general principle

Method of Tenacity, Authority, Intuition, and Science

systematic, controlled, empirical, amoral, and public.

Empiricism (evidence and experience) and Rationalism (logical thought and deductive reasoning)

Development of knowledge

Solves a problem of immediate consequence.

Examines group differences, developmental trends, or relationships among factors thru the use of objective measures

Examines causation thru observation of the consequent effects of manipulating certain events or characteristics under controlled conditions

Scientific theory that facilitates the modeling of phenomena or various processes.

• 1. Accountabilty: ability of a theory to account for most of the existing data w/in its domain.
• 2. Explanatory relevance: explanation for a phenomena provided by a theory must offer good grounds for believing that the phenomenon would occur under specified conditions
• 3. Testability: relating to a theory's possibility of failing some empirical test
• 4. Predictability: ability to predict novel events or new phenomena beyond those for which the theory was originally designed
• 5. Parsimonious: it should adopt the fewest or simplest set of assumptions in the interpretation of data

Qualitative, Quantitatie, and Mixed

Experimental, Descriptive, Combined

Observational, Interview, Narrative, and Case Study

Bivalent, Multivalent, and Parametric

Effects of two values of one independent variable on the dependent variable; valuable for categorical independent variables.

Effects of several values of independent variable on the dependent variable; valuable for continuous indepedent variables.

Simultaneous effects of more than one independent variable on the dependent variable; second independent variable is parameter.

Developmental, Correlational, Survey, Retrospective

A variable whose values are independent of changes in the values of other variables.

The observed variable in an experiment or study whose changes are determined by the presence or degree of one or more independent variables.

Independent, Dependent, Extraneous, Control, Active, Attribute, Continuous, and Categorical

• 1. Purpose, question, hypothesis
• 2. Control events and observe behaviors
• 3. Repeatable
• 4. Able to manipulate conditions

It's experimental b/c we are examining the cause and effect relations but also descriptive b/c we can't manipulate the attributes of subjects

Structured, Semistructured, and Unstructured

Argument by Example, Analogy, Induction, and Deduction

To document the need of the study and put the research into context or historical perspective

Preforatory adverbs (Therefore, thus, consequently)

Fallacies

Fallacy of reason, distraction, induction

General Statement of the problem, Rationale, Lit Review, Research Questions, Hypothesis, and Limitations of the Study

Descriptive, Difference, and Relationship Questions

Working, Research, and Null Hypothesis

Extrinsic and Intrinsic

Group and Single-subject

Internal and external validity

Generates hypotheses; hypotheses emerge from observation and interpretation of behavior

Design flexibility, purposeful sampling, and naturalistic inquiry

Internal validity is the ability to show that the researcher was able to control all variables; External validity is the ability to generalize to similar settings

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A way to perform a trial run to rapidly discover major surprises or flaws in the experiment's concept