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Population density
the number of people living per unit of an area (e.g. per square mile); the number of people relative to the space occupied by them
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Agricultural density
the ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture
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Arithmetic density
The total number of people divided by the total land area
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Census
A complete enumeration of a population
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Crude birth rate
The total number of live births in the year for every 1,000 people alive in the society
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Crude death rate
The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society
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Demographic transition
the process of change in a society’s population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and a higher total population
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Demography
The scientific study of population characteristics
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Dependency ratio
the number of people under the age of 15 and over age 64, compared to the number of people active in the labor force
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Doubling time
The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase
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Epidemiological transition
Distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition
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Epidemiology
Branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that affect large numbers of people
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Ecumene
The portion of Earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlement
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Industrial Revolution
A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods
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Infant mortality rate
The total number of deaths in a year among infants under one year old for every 1000 live births in a society
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Life expectancy
the average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live
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Medical Revolution
Medical technology invented in Europe and North America that is diffused to the poorer countries of Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Improved medical practices have eliminated many of the traditional causes of death in poorer countries and enabled more people to live longer and healthier lives
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Natural increase rate
The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate
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Overpopulation
The number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living
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Pandemic
Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population
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Physiological density
The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture
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Sex ratio
The number of males per 100 females in the population
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Total fertility rate
The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years
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Zero population growth
A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero
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Brain drain
Large-scale emigration by talented people
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Chain migration
Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there
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Circulation
Short-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis
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Counterurbanization
net migration from urban to rural area in more developed countries
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Emigration
migration from a location
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Floodplain
The area subject to flooding during a given number of years according to historical trends
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Forced migration
permanent movement compelled usually by cultural factors
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Guest workers
Workers who migrate to the more developed countries of Northern and Western Europe, usually from Southern and Eastern Europe or from North Africa, in search of higher-paying jobs
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Internal Immigration
Permanent movement within a particular country
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International migration
Permanent movement from one country to another
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Intervening obstacle
An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration
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Interregional migration
Permenant movement from one region of a country to another
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Intraregional migration
permanent movement within one region of a country
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Migration
Form of relocation diffusion involving permanent move to a new location
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Migration transition
Change in the migration pattern in a society that results from industrialization, population growth, and other social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition
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Mobility
All types of movement from one location to another
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Net migration
The difference between the level of immigration and the level of emigration
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Pull factor
factors that induce people to move to a new location
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Push factor
Factors that induce people to leave old residences
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Quotas
In reference to migration, a law that places maximum limits on the number of people who can immigrate to a country each year
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Refugees
people who are forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for year of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion
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Undocumented immigrants
People who enter a country without proper documents
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Voluntary migration
Permanent movement undertaken by choice
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