lowering the solubiliy of a solid by putting it in a solution that already has one of the ions from the solid in it
conjugate acid base pair
2 substances related to ech othe by the transfer of a proton
Kw
10^-14
pH
the negative log of the concentration of hydronium ions in a solution;the pH scale is a compact way tospecify the acidity of a solution
buffer
a solution containing significant amount of both weak acid and its conjugate base that resist pH change by nuetralizing added acids or bases
Henderson-Hasselbach equation
an equation used to easily calculate the pHof a buffer solution from the initial concentrations of the buffer solution assumingthe "x is small" approximation
pH=pKa+log [base]/[acid]
complex ion
an ion that contains a central metal ion bound to one or more ligands
ligand
a nuetral molecule or an ion that acts as a Lewis base with the central metal ion in a complex ion
lewis base
an atom,ion, or molecule that is an electron pair donor
coordination compound
a nuetral compound made when a complex ions combines with one or more counterions
formation constant
(Kf)
the equilibrium constant associated with the reactionsfor the formation of the complex ion
counterion
ions of an opposite charge that arent acting as lgands(couterion + complex ion= coordination compound)
coordination number
the number of molecules or ions directly bound to the metal atom
monodentate
ligands that donate ony one electron pair to the central metal
bidentate
ligands that donate two electron pairs to the central metal atom
polydentate
ligands that donate more than one electron pair to the central metal
crystal-field splitting
the differenc ein enery btw the split dorbitals
strong-field ligand
the crystal field splitting is large
weak-field ligand
the crystal field splitting is small
complementary color
if a substance absorbs a color it will reflect the complementary color ex: if it absorbs green it will appear red
diamgnetic
the electrons are paired
paramagnetic
electrons are unpaired
second law of thermodynamics
for any spontaneous process, the entropy of the universe increases
spontaneous reaction
a fair amount of products made for the amount of reactants used
doesnt mean fast just means it happens
it happens on its own
enthalpy
the sum of its internal energy and the products of its pressure and volume
(delta H)
exothermis means enthalpy is negative
endothermic means enthalpy is positive
enthalpy is not enuf to predict how spontaneous must also consider entropy