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theory
repeatable experiments lead to enough confidence form this.
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systemic anatomy
study of the body by systems
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metabolism
the sum total of all the physical and chemical reactions occuring in the body.
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responsiveness
ability of an organism to sense, monitor and respond to changes
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conductivity
capacity of living cells to transmit a wave of excitment
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levels of organization:
- chemical(organelle)
- cellular
- tissue
- organ
- organ system
- organisim
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smallest and most numerous structural units that possess and exhibit basic characteristics of living matter?
cells
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bilateral symmetry
left and right sides are mirror images
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ventral cavity
- thoracic-r/l pleural, mediastinum(heart, major vessels, esophagus)
- abdominoplevic
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homeostatis
the relatively constant states maintained by the body. standing or staying the same
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basic components of a feedback loop:
- sensor mechanism
- integrating or control center
- effector mechanism
- feedback
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negative feedback system
- control systems are inhibitory
- ex. feeling cold and the body shivering
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positive feedback system
- control systems are stimulatory
- ex. childbirth and the production of oxytocin
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of the 26 major elements how many are essential?
- 11
- 4(Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen) make up 96%
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atomic weight
equals the number of protons and neutrons
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T/F
the number of electrons orbiting the atom determine whether the atom is active?
true
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octet rule
atoms with less than 8 e- in the outer shell will attempt to lose, gain, or share e- with other atoms to achieve stability
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isotopes
elements that contain the same number of protons but different number of neutrons
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hydrogen bonds
- result from unequal charge distribution on a molecule.
- very weak bond, and are polar
- ex. water
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synthesis reaction
- 2 or more substances(reactants) combine to form a different, more complex substance(product)
- A+B---->AB
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decomposition reaction
- a breaking down of a compound which releases energy
- AB---->A+B+Energy
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exchange reactions
- 2 different reactants exchange to form to new products
- AB+CD---->AD+CB
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catabolism
hydrolysis reaction....breakdown larger food molecules into smaller releasing energy
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anabolism
dehydration synthesis---build larger complex molecules from smaller units. requires energy in form of ATP
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organic compounds
compounds composed of molecules that contain C-C or C-H covalent bonds
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inorganic compounds
- have few C atoms and no C-C or C-H bonds
- ex. water, O2. CO2, electrolytes(acids,bases,buffers)
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acids(proton donors)
- release H when in a solution
- taste sour
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bases(proton/H+ accepters)
or alkaline are electrolytes that when dissociated in solution shift the H+/OH- balance in favor of OH-
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4 major groups of organic substances:
- carbohydrates
- lipids
- proteins
- nucleic acids and related molecules
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3 types of carbohydrates
- monosaccharides(simple sugars)-glucose
- disaccharides(double sugars)
- polysaccharides(complex sugars)
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lipids
- water insolube organic biomolecules-non polar
- triglycerides or fats
- phospholipids
- steriods
- prostaglandins
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DNA
contain a sugar, nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group
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hydrolysis
a decomposition reaction where the addition of a water molecule breaks a bond
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proteins
composed of 20 commonly occuring amino acids. only 8 are known as essential amino acids, they cannot be produced by the body.
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