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involves collecting data to determine whether, and to what degree, a relationship exists between two or more quantifiable variables
correlational research
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indicates the extent to which variables vary in a systematic way
common variance
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refers to the probability that the results would have occured simply due to chance
statistical significance
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a researcher attempts to gain insight into variables or factors that are related to a complex variable
relationship study
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the most common technique uses the product moment correlation coefficient, usually referred to as the ____, a measure of correlation that is appropirate when both variables to be correlated are expressed as continuous data.
Pearson r
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if the data for at least one variable are expressed as rank or ordinal data, the appropriate correlation coefficient to use is the rank difference, usually referred to as the _____
Spearman rho
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the reduction in correlation coefficients that tends to occur if the measures have low reliability.
Attenuation
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the variable used to predict is called the ________
predictor
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the variable that is predicted is a complex variable called the _________
criterion
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an attempt to determine which of a number of variables are most highly related to the criterion variable
prediction study
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An interesting characteristic of prediciton studies is ______, the tendency for the predicition to be less accurate for a group other than the one on which it was originally developed
shrinkage
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Any predictive relation should be subject to ________ with at least one other group, and variables no longer found to be related to the criterion measure should be removed
Cross- validation
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a variable that cannot be directly observed or controlled, can influence the link between predictor and criterion variables
intervening variable
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