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What is the hierarchy of data in an organization?
- Database: group of related files
- File: group of records of the same type
- Record: group fo related fields
- Field: grouping of characters into a word, group of words, or a complete number
- Byte: a string of bits (8) used to store one number or character
- Bit: a binary digit representing the smallest unit of data
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Define entity, attribute, and primary key
- Entity: Person, place, thing, or event on which we maintain information
- Attribute: Each characteristic or quality describing the entity
- Primary Key: unique field that no two entities can share
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DBMS
- Database Management System
- Integrates databases from different departments
- Software that allows users to create and maintain a database and enable individual business applications to extract the data that they need
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Components of a DBMS
- Data definition language: formal language programmers use to specify the structure of the database
- Data manipulation language: used to extract data - SQL
- Data dictionary: tool for storing, organizing definitions of data elements and data characteristics
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Database Approaches: Explain flat file, relational database, hierarchical database, network DBMS, object oriented
- Flat file: data is in one table - ex. excel
- Relational database: series of logically related tables or files - standard for organizations
- Hierarchical database: records are divided in segments that are connected in a parent-child relationship
- Network DBMS: similar to hierarchical, but parents can have multiple children and children can have multiple parents
- Object oriented: stores both the data and the procedures acting on the data as objects
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Database vs. Data Warehouse
- Databases: transaction-oriented, support TPS, keep track of the daily activities of the firm
- Data Warehouses: a logical collection of information, gathered from databases, used to create business intelligence
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Data Mining
Techniques to find hidden patterns and relationships in large pools of data to infer rules for predicting future trends
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Define business intelligence and principle BI enablers
- Information that people use to support their decision-making efforts
- Technology, people, culture
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Four stages managers go through to make a decision
- 1. Intelligence - collect information
- 2. Design - determine possible solutions to a problem
- 3. Choice - select among the various solutions
- 4. Implementation - put the decision into effect & reports on progress of solution
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Why does the decision making process matter to IT?
Technology projects are business projects and business projects in the digital firm are technology projects
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Four steps of a knowledge management system
- Acquire: data mining, intelligent agent
- Store: databases
- Disseminate: intranet, e-mail reports, groupware
- Apply: DSS, enterprise application
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Define an expert system and list three components
- Human knowledge is collected and built into a system to make a decision
- Applies reasoning capabilities to reach a conclusion
- Components: knowledge base (stores rules of the ES), inference engine (takes the problem facts and searches knowledge base for rules that fit), explanation model (explains why the system made the decision)
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Intelligent agents
- Software that assists user or acts on user's behalf
- Perform repetitive computer related tasks
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The duality of information systems: how they constrain and enable
- Constraints: relying upon the technology restricts the choices of individuals, ex. a DSS
- Enables: relying on the technology enables individuals to worry about non-routine decisions
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How to deal with the duality of IS
- IS must fit (sociotechnical view) the organization
- IT department is charged with ensuring the fit
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