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Anatomy
human body structures
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Physiology
Human body function
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Embryology
Human Anatomy Before birth
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Regional Anatomy
Anatomy one are of the body at a time
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Systemic Anatomy
Anatomy one system at a time
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Topographical Anatomy-Surface Anatomy
Anatomy from the outside
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Gross Anatomy-Macroscopic Anatomy
Anatomy with naked eye
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Histology-Microscope Anatomy
Anatomy with microscope
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Morbid Anatomy-Pathological Anatomy
Anatomy affected by disease
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Biology
Study of all living things
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Botany
Study of plant life
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Zoology
Study of animal life
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Characteristics of Life (or Living Things):
- Movement
- Responsiveness
- Growth
- Reproduction
- Respiration
- Digestion
- Absorption
- Circulation
- Assimilation
- Excretion
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Movement
ability to change position
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Responsiveness
reaction to changes
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Reproduction
Production of new organisms
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Digestion
Breakdown of foods into simpler forms
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absorption
passage of digested foods into body fluids
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circulation
movement of body fluids from place to place
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assimilation
changing of absorbed substances into other forms
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excretion
removal of wastes from the body
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level of organization of the body
- Cell
- Tissue
- Organ
- System
- Organism
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Chemical Level
Atoms, molecules, protoplasm
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cell
basic unit of structure and function in the human body
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Tissue
a group of similar cells arranged for the performance of a particular function
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Organ
a group of different tissues arranged for the performance of a particular function
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System
a group of different organs arranged for the performance of a particular function
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Organism
a group of different systems arranged to make-up the complete body
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System-Organ System of the Human Body:
- Integumentary System
- Circulatory System
- Skeletal System
- Muscular System
- Digestive System
- Respiratory System
- Endocrine System
- Urinary System
- Reproductive System
- Nervous System
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Integumentary System
the skin
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Circulatory System
the heart, vessels, blood & lymph including Lymphatic System
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Skeletal System
the bones
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Muscular System
the muscles
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Digestive System
the alimentary canal (food passage)
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Respiratory System
the lungs, nose, breathing
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Endocrine System
- the ductless glands
- (release to the blood stream)
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Urinary System
the kidneys, bladder and ducts or Excretory System
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Reproductive System
the sex glands and structures
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Nervous System
the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
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Standard Position of a Cadaver is
Anatomical
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A dead human body used in anatomical study is referred to as a
cadaver
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in anatomical study the cadaver is always
assumed to be standing erect, with arms hanging at the sides of the body, the palms of the hands facing fowards, and the body facing the observer
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medial
pertaining to, or located toward, te median plane of the body or a body part
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lateral
pertaining to, or located away from, the median plane of the body or a body part
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superior
(top of head)
pertaining to, or located toward, the upper portion of the body or a body part
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inferior
(bottom of feet)
pertaining to, or located toward, the lower porition of the body or body part
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anterior (ventral)
pertaining to, or located toward, the front of the body or a body part
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posterior (dorsal)
pertaining to, or located, the back of the body or a body part
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deep (central)
pertaining to, or located toward, the interior of the body or a body part
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superficial (periphial)
pertaining to, or located toward, the surface of the body or a body part
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visceral
pertaining to the organs contained within the body cavities
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parietal
pertaining to the wall of a body cavity
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prone
a position of the body or a body part in which it is turned face down
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supine
a position of the body or a body part in which it is turned face down
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peripheral (superficial)
pertaining to the surface of the body or body part
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central (deep)
pertaining to the center of the body or a body part
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proximal
located closer to the point of attachment. (This term is usually reserved for use when referring to the extremities)
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distal
located farther from the point of attachment (this term is usually reserved for use when referring to the extremities)
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Planes of the body
- Median Plane or Midsagittal Plane
- Sagittal Plane
- Coronal Plane
- Transverse Plane or Horizontal Plane
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Median Plane or Midsagittal Plane
- an imaginary vertical plane passing through the body from anterior to posterior so as to divide the body into two symmetrical halves
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Sagittal Plane
an imaginary vertical plane passing through the body from anterior to posterior so aw to be parallel to the medial plane
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Coronal Plane or Frontal Plane
- an imaginary vertical plane passing through the body from side to side so as to be at right angles to the median plane
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Transverse Plane or Horizontal Plane
an imaginary plane passing through the body hoizontally
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Linear Guide
an imaginary line drawn on the surface of the body to represent the approximate location of some internal structure
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Anatomical Guide
a description of the position of a body part in relation to the position of adjacent parts
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Anatomical Limits
the point of origin and point of termination of a body part in relation to adjacent structures
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Body Cavities
- Dorsal
- Ventral
- Orbital
- Nasal
- Oral or Buccal Cavity
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Dorsal Cavity
- the cavity that is formed jointly by the cavity within the cranium and the cavity within the spinal column
- a) Cranial Cavity
- b) Spinal Cavity
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Cranial Cavity
the cavity within the cranium, containing the brain
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Spinal Cavity
the cavity within the spinal column, containing the spinal cord
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Ventral Cavity
the large cavity contained within the trunk of the body
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Thoracic Cavity
the large cavity within the thorax, containing the thoracic viscera
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Pleural Cavities
the two cavities within the thorax, one on either side, containing the lungs
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Mediastinal Cavity or Mediastinum
the cavity within the thorax, between the lungs. it is rectangular in shape and contains all of the thoracic viscera except the lungs. it is bounded by the sternum, anteriorly; by the thoracic vertebrae, posteriorly, by the lungs, laterally; by the base of the neck, superiorly; and by the diaphragm, inferiorly
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Pericardial Cavity
the cavity within the pericardium
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Abdominal-Pelvic Cavity or Abdominal Cavity
the cavity within the trunk of the body, between the diaphragm and the floor of the pelvis
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Abdominal Cavity Proper
that portion of the abdominal-pelvic cavity between the diaphragm and the superior border of the pelvis
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Pelvic Cavity
that portion of the abdominal-pelvic cavity within the pelvis
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Peritoneal Cavity
- the cavity within the sac formed by the parietal Peritoneum
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Orbital Cavity (paried)
the cavity on either side, on the anterior portion of the skull, containing the eyeball
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Nasal Cavities (paried)
the cavities within the nose, It is divided into right and left portions by a vertical septum formed mainly by the vomer bone
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Oral Cavity or Buccal Cavity
the cavity within the mouth
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Bestnial
between the lips & teeth
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Vomer bone
forms part of nasal septum
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Epithelial Tissue
linings and coverings of the body. Produces secretions to lubricate and protect surfaces.
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Endothelium
inside lining of the vascular (circulatory system) system
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Endocardium
inside layer (or lining) of the heart
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Tunica Intima (interna)
inside lining of a vessel (artery, vein, or lymph vessel)
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mesothelium
outside covering of the hollow organs of the body or the lining of the body cavities. Will always include the Serous Membranes.
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Serous Membranes
covers hollow structure that are sealed off from the outside air
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pleura (or pleural membrane)
lining of the pleural cavities. parietal pleura lines the rib cage. Visceral pleura covers each lining.
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pericardium (or pericardial membrane)
- lining of the pericardial cavity
- Pericardium (or parietal pericardium) lines the pericardial sac
- epicardium ( or visceral pericardium) is the outer layer (or covering) of the heart
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peritoneum
the outside covering of most of the organs in the abdominal cavity
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tunica adventitia (externa)
outside covering of a vessel (artery, vein or lymph vessel)
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epithelial tissue proper
all epithelial tissue that is not endothelium or mesothelium
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epidermis
the outer most covering of the skin (integumentary system)
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mucous membranes
the epithelial tissues that line those structures that open to the outside of the body. Inside lining of the: Respiratory System, Digestive System, Urinary System, and Reproductive System. Endometrium- the inside lining of the uterus (nose to lung)
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glandular epithelium
make up the glands of the body
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Connective Tissue
- the binders of the body, also serve as the framework of the body
- ex:
- bone (and teeth)
- tendons
- fascia
- hematopoietic tissue (blood and lymph)
- cartilage
- ligaments
- adipose (fat)
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muscle (or muscular tissue)
the muscles of the body
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