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Catagory Specificity
The notion that the brain represents different categories in different ways (and / or different regions)
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Reference Frames
A representational system for coding space (ie: near vs. far space; imaginary vs external space)
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Ventriloquist Effect
A tendency to mis localiz heard sounds onto a seen source of potential sounds
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Neglect
A failure to attend to stimuli on the opposite side of space to the lesion
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Object Orientation Agnosia
An inability to extract the orientation of an object despite adequate object recognition
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Negative Priming
If an ignored object suddenly becomes the attended object, then participants are slower @ processing it
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Late Selection
A theory of attention in which all incoming info is processed up to the level of meaning (semantics) before being selected for futher processing
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Object Constancy
An understanding that objects remain the same, irrespective of differences in viewing condition
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Early Selection
A theory of attention in which info is selected according to perceptual attributes
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Integrative Agnosia
A failure to integrate parts into wholes in visual perception
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Figure -Ground Segregation
The process of segmenting a visual display into objects vs. background surfaces
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Illusory Conjunctions
A situation in which visual features of 2 different objects are incorrectly perceived as being associated with 1 single object
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Endogenous Orienting
Attention is guided by the goals of the perceiver
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Associative Agnosia
Failure to understand the meaning of objects due to a deficit @ the level of semantic memory
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Apperceptive Agnosia
A failure to understand the meaning of objects due to a deficit @ the level of object perception
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Exogenous Orienting
Attention that is extremely guided by the stimulus
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Inhibition of Return
A slowing of reaction time associated with going back to a previously attended location
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Pseudoneglect
In a non - lesioned brain there is overattention to the left side of space
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Structural Descriptions
Memory representation of the 3D structure of objects
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Biological Motion
The ability to detect whether a stimulus is animate or not from movement cues alone
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Change Blindness
Participants fail to notice the appearance / disappearance of objects between 2 alternating images
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Inattentional Blindness
A failure to consciously see something because attention is directed away from it
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Cross - Modal Perception
Integrating info across sensory modalities
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Allocentric Space
A map of space coding the locations of objects and places relative to each other
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Akinetopsia
Failure to perceive visual motion
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Achromatopsia
Failure to perceive color (the world appears in grayscale) not to be confused with color blindness
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Retinocentric Space
A map of space coded relative to the position of eye gaze
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Place Cells
Neurons that respond when an animal is in a particular location in allocentric space (normally found in the hippocampus)
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Extinction
When presented with 2 stimuli at the same time (one in each hemisphere), then the stimulus on the opposite side of the lesion is not consciously perceived
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Cancellation Task
A variant of the visual search paradigm in which the patient must search for targets in an array, normally striking them through as they are found
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Line Bisection
A task involving judging the central point of a line
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Balint's Syndrome
A severe difficulty in spatial processing normally following bilateral lesions of parietal lobe; symptoms include: simultanagnosia, optic ataxia, and optic apraxia
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Simultanagnosia
The inability to perceive more than one object at a time
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Pop-out
The ability to detect an object amongst distractor objects in situations in which the # of distractors presented is unimportant
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Visual Search
A task of detecting the presence / absense of a specified target object in an array of other distracting objects
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Attention
The process by which certain info is selected for further processing and other info is discarded
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Egocentric Space
A map of space coded relative to the postion of the body
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Prosopagnosia
Impairments of face processing that do not reflect difficulties in early visual analysis (also used to refer to an inability to recognize previously familiar faces)
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Person Identity Nodes (PINs)
An abstract description of people that links together perceptual knowledge (faces) with semantic knowledge
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Face Recognition Units (FRUs)
Stored knowledge of the 3D structure of familiar faces
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Color Constancy
The color of a surface is perceived as constant even when illuminated in different lighting conditions
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V5 (MT)
Region of extrastriate cortex associated with motion perception
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V4
Region of extrastriate cortex associated with color perception
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Blind Sight
Symptom in which the patient reports not being able to see stimuli in a particular region but can nevertheless perform visual discriminations (long, short) accurately
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Scotoma
Small region of cortical blindness
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Quadrantanopia
Cortical blindness restricted to a 1/4 of the visual field
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Hemianopia
Cortical blindness restricted to 1/2 of the visual field (associated with damage to the primary visual cortex in one hemisphere)
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Hypercomplex Cells
In vision, cells that respond to particular orientations and particular lengths
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Complex Cells
In vision, cells that respond to light in a particular orientation but do not respond to single points of light
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Simple Cells
In vision, cells that respond to light in a particular orientation
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Receptive Field
The region of space that elicits a response from a given neuron
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Primary Visual Cortex (V1)
1st stage of visual processing in the cortex, the region retains the spatial relationships found on the retina and combines simple visual features into more complex ones
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Blind Spot
The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye. No rods / cones present there
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Cone Cells
Type of photoreceptor specialized for high levels of light intensity, such as those found during the day, and specialized for the detection of different wavelengths
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Rod Cells
Type of photoreceptor specialized for low levels of light intensity, such as those found at night
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Retina
The internal surface of the eyes containing photoreceptors that convert light to neural signals
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Perception
The elaboration and interpretation of a sensory stimulus based on, for example, knowledge of how objects are structured
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Sensation
The effects of a stimulus on the sensory organs
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Wilder Penfield
Used electrical impulses and saw patients to be stimulated. Enabled mapping for brain regions
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Cognition
A variety of higher mental processes such as thinking, perceiving, imagining, speaking, acting, and planning
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Cognitive Neuroscience
Aims to explain cognitive processes in terms of brain - based mechanisms
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Mind - Body Problem
The problem of how a physical substance (the brain) can give rise to our feelings, thoughts and emotions (our mind)
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Dualism
The belief that mind and brain are made up of different kinds of substance
-Rene Descartes: mind-non-physical and immortal // body-physical and mortal interacted in pineal gland
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Dual - Aspect Theory
The belief that mind and brain are two levels of description of the same thing
-Spinoza
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Reductionism
The belief that mind based concepts will eventually be replaced by neuroscientific concepts
-Churchland: psych will eventually be reduced to biology
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Phrenology
The failed idea that individual differences in cognition can be mapped on to differences in skull shape
- 1. different regions perform different functions (+)
- 2. size of regions => skull size => differences in personality and cognition (-)
-Gail & Spurzheim
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Functional Specialization
Different regions of the brain are specialized for different functions
-Broca -language could be localized
-Wenicke - subdivided language: speech recognition, speech production...
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Cognitive Neuropsychology
The study of brain - damaged patients to inform theories of normal cognition
aka: cognitive neuroscience
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Information Processing
An approach in which behavior is described in terms of a sequence of cognitive stages
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Interactivity
Later stages of processing can begin before earlier stages are complete
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Top-down Processing
The influence of later stages on the processing of earlier ones (memory influences on perception)
-part of info processing
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Parallel Processing
Different information is processed at the same time
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Neural Network Models
Computational models in which information processing occurs using many interconnected nodes
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Nodes
The basic units of neural network models that are activated in response to activity in other parts of the network
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Temporal Resolution
The accuracy with which one can measure when an event (physiological change) occurs
-EEG / MEG / TMS / single - cell recording -millisec resolution
-PET: min resolution
- fMRI: seconds resolution - hemodynamic responses
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Spatial Resolution
The accuracy with which one can measure where an event (physiological change) is occuring
- -lesions and functional imaging: millimeter level
- - single cell recording: resolution at neuron level
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Modularity
Notion that certain cognitive processes (or regions of the brain) are restricted in the type of info they process
- -Fodor
- -central system vs. modules
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