Test 2

• is an even or behavior that can assume at least two values.
• Exp. temperature, height, weight, noise level,

• Unwanted variables
• Usually characteristic of the participants
• Aspects of the experimental situation
• Can cause the variability of scores with in groups

• spread of scores
• Makes more high and more low scores
• Causes the bell curve to flatten
• Does not move the mean of the scores

• Reading with Young and Old people
• Cause more A's and more F's

• the effects of the IV
• It makes it hard to see what influence the IV had on the DV.

Ensures that each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any group in an experiment.

• When the participants in an experiment are subjected to conditions that alter or change their normal biological state.
• Exp. Rats and alcohol

• When the effects of amount or type of previous training or learning are the central focus of the research.
• Exp. when the participants were tested on memory

• When researchers are manipulating some aspect of the environment.
• Exp. the study with the heels and bare foot. The IV's were heels or barefoot

• ate those factors that can gave an unintended influence on the results of our experiment.
• They influence the difference between groups

• Physiological
• Experience
• Stimulus
• Participant

When the results of the study can either be the cause of the IV or the EV.

the results of the experiment.

the DV will measure the amount of correct answers received.

The rate of responding determines how rapidly responses are made during a specified time period

The frequency does not focus on how rapid the response is, it focuses on the over all amount of responses in a period of time.

• record the DV in terms of degree.
• Exp. the degree or amount of happiness people were with their satisfaction of life

In many situations, such as studies of learning and memory, how quickly participants make a response (latency) or how long the response lasts (duration) are of particular interest.

when the DV measures what the experimental hypothesis says it should measure.

• Producing consistent measurements.
• Exp. The scores on an intelligence test are used as the DV,

are either characteristics of the participants or unintended influences of the experimental situation that make the effects of the more difficult to see or determine.

can have and unintended influence on the results of an experiment by changing the difference between the groups. when an extraneous variable is present, the experiment is confounded.

changes as a function of the changes in the IV.

Valid and Reliable

• Correctness
• Rate or Frequency
• Degree or Amount
• Latency or Duration

are variables that increase the variability of scores within all groups. The presence of the nuisance variables make the results of an experiment less clear.

variable

Physiological IV

Stimulus

extraneous variable

Participant bariable

DV

Experience IV

degree

valid and reliable

• Randomization
• Elimination
• Constancy
• Balancing
• Counterbalancing

• (a) Produce groups that are equivalent prior to the introduction of the IV, thereby eliminating extraneous variables.
• (b) reduce the effects of nuisance variables as much as possible.

• Choosing to remove or eliminate the unwanted variable.
• Exp. the experiment with the photo's of individuals of the top of their fore head to the base of their chin, eliminating their body type and clothing.

• has become a standard control technique for many researchers.
• Exp. the experiment taking place in the same room, same temperature, same lighting and same day.

A control procedure that achieves group equality by distributing extraneous variables equally to all groups.

• A procedure for controlling order effects
• Exp. The cola challenge the order in which the cola was given.

• presents different treatment sequences to the same participant.
• Exp. Cola Challenge one participant taste the cola in this sequence ABBA

• presentation of different treatment sequences to different participants.
• Exp. Cola Challenge the group is randomly assigned into groups, group 1 taste AB group 2 taste BA.

All possible treatment sequences are presented.

Only a portion of all possible sequences are presented.

Elimination

Constancy

Randomization

Counterbalancing

Balancing

Constancy

Differential Carryover

Precedent, Availability, Nature of the problem.

An established pattern

Exp. College students and white rats

Is the likelihood that the statistical test will be significant. Generally speaking, the greater the number of participant the higher the power of the statistical test.

Independent Variable

Dependent Variable

Testing a smaller number of participants

Testing more participants

Past research

IV presentation

• When the experimenter influences the outcome of an experiment
• Exp. The "gifted" children and the "smart" rats

keeps the experimenter in the dark regarding which participants receive which treatments.

When participants us cues to determine what the experimenter's hypothesis is and how they are supposed to act.

When the participant acts in the way they think the experimenter wants them to act

participants that always agree

participants that never agree

• The result when an experimental context or testing situation influences the participants' responses.
• The experimenter apparel and the setting of the testing sight

Experimenter and the participants are unaware of which treatment is being administered to which participants.

Hostility and Anxiety

Rosenthal Effect

• Age
• Sex
• Race

double-blind experiment

single-blind experiement

is a blind experiment

cues that tell the participant how to act

A branch of psychology whose goal is to determine the universality of research results.

Lasting values, attitudes, and behaviors that are shared by a group and transmitted to subsequent generations.

A finding that is found across cultures.

Are findings that are linked to a specific culture.

when experimenters view other cultures of their own.

the tendency for a specific culture to respond in a certain way

determining whether psychological findings are universal

an emic

a culture response set

Is a question of whether your independent actually created any change that you can observe in your dependent variable.

• refers to events that occur between the DV measurements in a repeated-measures designs.
• Exp. Patriotic experiment in progress then 9/11 happens

Exp. The person grows up, the person gets bored, the person gets sleepy.

Taking a test multiple times will lead to different outcomes

• When a participant changes their answer in the way they want.
• Eep. Experiment on attitudes: a paricipant may give answers in favor to women if thier experimenter is a woman.

using measures that do not alter the participant's response by virtue of measuring it.

When equipment in the experiment malfunction or break.

• When an experimenter has extreme scores, it will be hard to maintain those extreme scores.
• Exp. A 7'0 Basketball player has a child, their child will more then likely be shorter then 7'0 and If a 6'4 jockey has a child, their child will more then likely be short but they will be taller then 6'4.

Choosing in a way that participants are not equal before the experiment.

a participant dying, leaving the experiment, being removed from the experiment

having systematic differences between or among selected treatment groups based on maturation, histoy or instumentation.

Exp. Child Abduction Experiment: The children coming back into the room and telling their friend what happened.