-
Epstein-Barr virus
- a herpesvirus that causes infectious mononucleosis
- sx: swollen lymph nodes, sore throat, extreme fatigue, enlarged spleen, inflamed lymphatic tissue, enlarged liver, and damage to liver cells
- Dx: CBC, Monospot (antibody)
-
Epstein-Barr virus continue
- strep throat is often a secondary infection in mono
- tx: rest
- chronic fatigue syndrome - exact cause is not known, many patients have EBV antibodies which may be linked to EBV
- sx: extreme fatigue, memory loss, joint-pain, and flu-like symptoms
-
EBV Association
- Burkitt Lymphoma and B-Cell lymphomas in imuunocompromomised
- nasopharyngeal carcinoma
- Hodgkin's Disease
- MS
-
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
- a herpes, very common infection, flu-like symptoms so it often goes undiagnosed
- usually infects older children and adults
- more severe disease in AIDS and immunocompromised
- transmission: virus sheds in body fluids over many months -- saliva, blood, urine, and breast milk and semen
-
CMV continue
- largest quantity of virus are in the urin
- virus can stay in the urine up to a year
- if pregnant during active CMV, can cause sever brain damage, hearing loss, liver damage, impaired vision
- TORCH Panel
-
Viral diseases that causes hemorrhagic fevers
- aka arboviruses because they are arthropodborne
- yellow fever - extreme jaundice
- dengue fever - bone breaking
-
Viral gastroenteritis
- sx vary, most include diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, low-grade fever, cramps, headache, and malaise
- causes: rotavirus, noroviruses (aka norwalk), coxsackie A and B, and echoviruses
-
Rotavirus
- major cause of viral gastroenteritis
- very watery, sewery smell
- cases occur during winter months
- high infant mortality rate in underdeveloped world for children less than 5 years old
- transmission: fecal-oral route, replicates in the intestinal epitheliel cells, impairs intestinal absorption
- causes sever dehydration and death if not treated
- dx: rapid tube test from stool speciman
- tx: restore loss fluid and electrolytes
- prevention: rotarix
-
Viral diseases of nervous system
-
Rabies
- transmitted by animal bite of infected animal
- virus migrates from the bite to the nerves and spreads to the spinal cord and then brain
- sx: uncoordinated movement, paralysis, difficulty swallowing, hypersensitive nerve ending in skin, brain degeneration and death
- once rabies occur: no cure except for a couple of cases
- dx: examine brain tissue of animals for negri bodies
- new fluorescent antibody technique to look for rabies antibodies in brain tissue
-
Rabies prevention
- rabies vaccine is available for vets or anyone working with animals
- gives immunity to rabies
- if bitten by infected animal, 1 dose of rabies immune globulin
- give 5 IM injections over 28 days
-
Poliovirus
- infantile paralysis
- poliomyelities
- transmission: fecal-oral route
- naked virus
- associated with swimming pools
- when ingested, causes nausea, diarrhea, cramps
- can spread through the body to meninges and cause meningities -> paralysis or arms, legs and trunk
- severe cases include paralysis of tongue, neck, diaphragm and difficulty breathing
-
Poliovirus prevention
vaccine available
-
Posptpolio Syndrome (PPS)
- people who had polio decades ago experience re-emergence of symptoms
- muscle weakness/atrophy
- general fatigue/exhaustion
- muscle/joint pain
- breathing/swallowing difficulty
- 25-50% survivors are affected
-
Arborvirus
- arthropod born virus - over 350 strains
- causes arboviral encephalitis - acute inflammation of the brain
- transmission: arthropod bite transmits to humans and animals
- virus travels to neurons and CNS
-
Arbovirus disease continue
- sx: headache, fever, confusion, weakness, convulsions
- can destroy nerve cells, permanent brain damage and death
- in US, strains are: St Louis encelphalitis, La Cross encephalitis, Eastern Equine encphalitis, and Western equine encephalitis
-
West Nile Virus
- is an arbovirus
- an emerging disease from Egypt
- birds and horses are hosts
- severe and often fatal
- usually not severe in humans
- causes flu-like symptoms or can be asymptomatic
- about 1/150 cases complicate as the virus enter the CNS
|
|
