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CELL MEMBRANE
- selectively permiable
- cell boundry
- phospholipid bilayer
- cholesterol
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CYTOPLASM
suspends organelles in cell
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NUCLEUS
- controls cellular activity
- PROTEIN synthesis
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NUCLEOLUS
RIBOSOME synthesis
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RIBOSOMES
PROTEIN synthesis
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ROUGH ER
PROTEIN synthesis
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SMOOTH ER
LIPID/CHOLESTEROL synthesis
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GOLGI
modifies, packages and transports PROTEIN
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LYSOSOMES
- "garbage disposal"
- removes worn parts of cell
- removes foreign substances from cell
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PEROXISOMES
detoxes drugs ect.
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MITOCHONDRIA
- "POWER HOUSE"
- site of CELLULAR RESPIRATION
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CILIA
helps substances move through passageways
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MICROVILLI
increases surface areas
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CENTRIOLES
aid in chromosome movement during mitosis
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NECROSIS
- after injury cell dies
- unexpected
- cells contents released into surrounding area
- inflammation occurs
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INFLAMMATION
- tissue response to injury
- causes swelling b/c blood vessels dialate and fluid accumulates
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APOPTOSIS
- orderly cell disintergration
- cell contents are packaged before being released
- no inflammation
- necessary in fetal development
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STEM CELLS
- divide continuously into ANY kind of cell
- 'self renewal"
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PROGENITOR CELLS
- divides into only SPECIFIC cells
- "commited"
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PHAGOCYTOSIS
- "cell-eating"
- elimination of harmful substances
- bad solids ingested into vesicles
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CANCER
- cell divition gets out of control
- genetic factors
- enviromental factors
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BENIGN
- localized growth
- non-invasive
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MALIGNANT
invasive cancer causing cells that extend into surrounding cells
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METASTASIS
cancer cells reach circulation and SPREAD
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SIMPLE DIFFUSION
- NO energy
- high -> low
- spreads to equalibrium
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FACILITATED DIFFUSION
- NO energy
- high -> low
- special proteins help to diffuse substances
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OSMOSIS
- NO energy
- WATER moves from high -> low
- WATER moves in to diffuse solute out (dilutes it)
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FILTRATION
- NO energy
- high -> low
- uses PRESSURE to push something through CM
- "sprinkler hose"
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ACTIVE TRANSPORT
- NEEDS energy
- low -> high
- moves ions and amino acids through CM
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TONICITY/OSMOTIC PRESSURE
- ablity of a SOLUTE to generate enough pressure to move a volume of WATER
- *MORE SOLUTE HIGHER OSMOTIC PRESSURE*
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ISOTONIC
- same pressure inside and outside of the CM
- 0.9% NaCl
- 5.0% glucose
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HYPERTONIC
- HIGHER osmotic pressure
- more SOLUTE in solution draws water OUT of cell
- causes crenation
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HYPOTONIC
- LOWER osmotic pressure
- less solute in solution
- cell pulls water IN causes swelling
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PINOCYTOSIS
cell takes in LIQUID by enveloping it in a vesicle
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PHAGOCYTOSIS
cell takes in SOLID by enveloping it in a vesicle
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ENDOCYTOSIS
- taking in particles that are to big to pass through the CM through facilitated diffusion
- NEEDS energy
- low -> high
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EXOCYTOSIS
- NEEDS energy
- low -> high
- expels a substance by packaging it and moving it OUT of the CM
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TRANSCYTOSIS
selectively and rapidly transports and substance in then out of the cell
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CHROMATIN
DNA wrapped around a histone that makes up a chromosome
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GENE
segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein
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GENOME
complete set of genes in an organism
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GENETIC CODE
- translate a sequence of nucleotides to a sequence of amino acids
- DNA -> PROTEIN
-
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NUCLEOTIDE
sugar + base + phosphate
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DNA
- ANTIPARALLEL, double stranded polynucleotide helix
- one side sugars are upside-down
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COMPLIMENTARY BASE PAIRING
- adenine pairs with thymine 2 hydrogen bonds
- cytosine pairs with guanine 3 hydrogen bonds
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DNA REPLICATION
- happens in S phase
- 5' -> 3' direction
- DNA polymerase carries out replication
- SEMI-CONSERVATIVE b/c one new pairs with one old
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mRNA
- CODON
- complimentary copy of DNA TEMPLATE that carries codes for specific PROTEINS
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tRNA
- ANTICODONS
- adaptor for translation
- aligns amino acids so they bond with each other
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rRNA
- subunit of a ribosome
- for protein synthesis
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TRANSCRIPTION
- generates mRNA from template DNA
- occurs in NUCLEUS
- uses ribonucleotides to make mRNA
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TRANSLATION
- links AMINO ACIDS to form a polypeptide(PROTEIN) from mRNA
- occurs in CYTOPLASM
- uses tRNA and RIBOSOMES
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CODONS
group of 3 RNA nucleotides found in mRNA that specifies and amino acid
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ANTICODON
group of 3 RNA nucleotides found in tRNA that allows specific HYDROGEN BONDS with mRNA
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INTRON
regions of DNA that do not code for proteins
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EXONS
regions of DNA that codes for specific proteins that may be transcribed
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EUKARYOTIC mRNA MODIFICATION
- 1. introns removed
- 2. 5' guanine cap added to prevent from being eaten
- 3. poly-A tail is added
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PROTEASE
breaks down proteins
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PROTEASOMES
large structures that consist of LARGE PROTEIN COMPLEX including enzymes that breakdown and recycle proteins
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ENZYME
- biological catalyst
- highly specific
- not consumed or changed during reaction
- effectiveness is affected by temp, pH and presence of cofactors
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COFACTOR
- nonprotein component that activates enzymes
- can be an ion or a coenzyme
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COENZYME
- complex organic molecule that acts as a cofactor
- vitamins
- NAD+
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ENERGY
- capacity to do something
- ability to do work
- cannot be created nor destroyed
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OXIDATION
- chemical reaction that occurs when atoms lose e-
- C6H12O6 loses to 6CO2
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REDUCTION
- chemical reaction that occurs when atoms gain e-
- 6O2 gains to 6H2O
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ACTIVATED CARRIERS
molecules that carry energy
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ATP
- adenosine triphosphate
- a chain of 1 adenine + 1 ribose + 3 phosphate
- carries energy in the form of PHOSPHATE
- readily interchangable form of energy
- can become ADP when it loses a phosphate
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NAD
- specialized to carry high-energy e- and H+
- passed to O2 in the ETC and their energy is used to drive the synthesis of ATP
- important carriers of e- in CATABOLISM
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GLYCOLYSIS
- happens in cytoplasm
- produces ATP, NADH and PYRUVATE
- break down 6carbon glucose into 2 3carbon pyruvates
- pyruvate is coverted to acetyl CoA if O2 is present
- if NO O2 pyruvate is converted to lactic acid to replenish supply of NAD+ so glycolysis can continue to make ATP
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TCA/CITRIC ACID CYCLE/KREBS CYCLE
- happens in mitochondria
- produces ATP, NADH, FADH2 and CO2
- it generates energy of intermediates and CO2
- 1. energy in acetyl CoA is trapped in NADH and FADH(e- carriers) and ATP(phosphate)
- 2. carriers of e- that trap the energy of acetyl CoA bring their highenergy e- to the ETC
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ETC
- happens in mitochondria
- produces ATP, NAD, FAD and H2O
- generates ATP and turns O2 into H2O (O2 gains e- to make H2O)
- 1. chemiosmosis(oxidative phosphorilation) uses e- donated by NADH and FADH to eject H+ from the mitochondria
- 2. H+ flow down their concentration gradient through ATP synthase to make ATP from ADP and phosphorus
- 3. during process H+ goes through channel in ATP synthase and combines with O2 to make water
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