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All of the tissue and fluid in the body rely on the cardiovascular system to maintain what?
Homeostasis.
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The proper functioning of the cardiovascular system depends on the activity of the...
heart, which can vary its pumping capacity depending on the needs of the peripheral tissues.
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Cardiovascular system can be subdivided into two closed circuits which are?
Pulmonary Circuit and Systemic Circuit.
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What is the Pulmonary circuit?
It carries oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs and back
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What is the Systemic Circuit?
It transports oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the rest of the body and back.
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What is an Artery?
Arteries car blood away from the heart.
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What are Veins?
Veins return blood to the heart.
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What are Capillaries?
They are tine vessels between the smallest arteries and veins.
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How man chambers does the hear contain?
4
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What does the Right Atrium and Ventricle do?
They pump blood into the pulmonary arteries.
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What does the left Atrium do?
It receives blood from the pulmonary veins.
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What does the Atria do?
It collects blood returning to the heart.
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What do ventricles do?
They discharge blood into vessels to leave the heart.
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What is the heart surround by?
The Pericardial Cavity
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The Pericardial Cavity is lined by what?
The pericardium.
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The small amount of lubricating fluid on pericardium is called?
Pericardial fluid.
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What covers the heart's outer surface?
Visceral Pericardium (Epicardium )
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____________ lines in the inner surface of the ___________ that surrounds the heart and helps prevent overfilling.
Parietal Pericardium; pericadial sac
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The heart lies in the anterior portion of the?
Mediastinum
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What are the three layers of the heart wall?
- Epicardium(the visceral pericardium)
- Myocardium(the muscular wall of the heart)
- Endocardium(the epithelium covering)
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The bulk of the heart consist of muscular what?
Myocardium
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What are cardiac muscles cells?
Cardiocytes
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What are Coronary arteries?
They supply blood to the heart.
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Cardiac muscle cells do not require ________ to contract.
Nervous Stimulation
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Cardiocytes are interconnected by?
Intercalated Discs.
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What do Intercalated discs do?
They join cardiac muscle cells through, desmosomes, myofibrils, and gap junction.
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Since cardiac muscle cells are connected by intercalated discs, how do they function?
They functions like a single, enormous cell.
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What is fibrous skeleton?
it is the internal connective tissue of the heart.
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What are the functions of fibrous skeleton of the heart?
- To stabilize the heart's contractile cells and valves
- To support the muscle cells, blood vessels, and nerves
- To distribute the forces of contraction
- To add strength and elasticity
- To physically isolate the atria from the ventricles
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What is Auricle(Atrial Appendage)?
Is an expandable extension of the atrium.
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What is the Coronary Sulcus?
It is the deep groove between the atria and the ventricles.
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What are two other shallower depression than that coronary sulcus?
Anterior interventricular sulcus and Posterior interventricular sulcus.
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The great vessels are connected to the superior end of the heart at the?
Base
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The inferior, pointed tip of the heart is the?
Apex
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The heart sits at an angle to the longitudinal axis of the body and presents the following"
Superior, inferior, left and right borders
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What are the surfaces of the heart?
Sternocostal surface and diaphragmatic surface
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How is sternocostal surface formed?
It is formed by the anterior surfaces of the right atrium and ventricle
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How is the diaphragmatic surface formed?
It is formed primarily by the posterior, inferior wall of the left ventricle.
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What separates the atria?
interatrial septum
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The ventricles are divided by what?
Interventricular septum.
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The openings between the artria and ventricles contain what?
They contain folds of connective tissue covered by endocardium.
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Where does the right atrium receive blood from?
The systemic circuit.
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The right atrium receives blood from the systemic circuit through two great veins which are?
The superior and inferior vena cava.
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The atrial walls contain prominent muscular ridges called?
Pectinate muscles.
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What does the coronary veins do?
They return blood to the coronary sinus which opens into the right atrium.
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During embryonic development an opening called the ________ penetrates the interatrial septum.
foramen ovale
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This opening closes after birth, leaving a depression termed called?
Fossa Ovalis
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Blood flow from the right atrium into the right ventricle through the what?
Right Atrioventricular (AV) or tricuspid valve
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The Tricuspid Valve consist of three _______ of fibrous tissue braced by the ____________ that are connected to _____________.
Cusps; Chordae Tendineae; Papillary Muscles
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Blood leaving the right ventricle enters the __________ after passing through the _________.
Pulmonary trunk; pulmonary valve.
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The pulmonary trunk divides to form what?
The left and right pulmonary arteries
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The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from what?
The left and right pulmonary veins.
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Blood leaving the left atrium flows into the left ventricle through what?
Left atrioventricular (AV) valve or bicuspid valve
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Why is the left ventricle the largest and thickest of the four valves?
Because it must pump blood to the entire body.
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Blood leaving the left ventricle passes through the ________ and into the systemic circuit via the _________.
Aortic valve and ascending aorta.
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Blood passed the ascending aorta through the ________ and into the _________
Aortic arch; descending aorta.
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What are the four components to the AV valves?
- 1. Ring of connective tissue attached to the fibrous skeleton of the heart
- 2. cusps
- 3. chordae tendineae
- 4. papillary muscles.
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What are the two Semilunar valves?
Aortic valve and pulmonary valve.
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Valves normally permit blood flow in only one direction, preventing ________ of blood.
Regurgitation
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The closure of valves and rushing of blood through the heart cause characteristic ________ that can be heard during auscultation.
Heart Sounds
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What does Coronary circulation supply?
It supplies blood to the muscles of the heart to meet the high oxygen and nutrient demands of the cardiac muscle cells.
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Where do Coronary Arteries originate?
It originate at the base of the ascending aorta, and each gives rise to two branches.
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There are two branches that the right Coronary artery gives rise to, what branches are they?
Right Marginal Branch and posterior interventricular branch
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What does the left coronary artery give rise to?
They circumflex branch and anterior interventricular branch.
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Interconnections between arteries called _____ ensure a constant blood supply.
Anastomoses.
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The ______ and _______ carry blood from the coronary capillaries to the ________.
Great and middles cardiac veins; coronary sinus.
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What does the Anterior cardiac vein do?
They drain the anterior surface of the right ventricle and empty directly into the right atrium.
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The cardiac cycle consists of periods of?
- Atrial and ventricular systole
- Atrial and ventricular diastole.
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What is Automaticity and Autorthythmicity?
When cardiac muscle tissue contracts on its own, without neural or hormonal stimulation
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What do Nodal Cells establish?
The rate of cardiac contraction
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What do conducting fibers distribute?
The contractile stimulus to the general myocardium.
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What do Nodal Cells do?
They depolarize spontaneously and determine the heart rate.
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What is found in the sinoatrial (SA) node normally establishes the rate of contraction?
Pacemaker cells.
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From the SA node, the stimulus travels over the ________ to the _________, then to the ________, which divides into a _____ and _________.
Internodal pathways; atrioventricular (AV) node; AV bundle; Right and left bundle branch.
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What are Purkinje Cells?
They convey the impulses to the ventricular myocardium .
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During diastole what happens to the chambers of the heart?
They fill up.
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During on cardiac cycle the heart spends most of its time in what?
Diastole
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During the period of systole the inner volume of atrial chamber _________.
Decreases
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What produces an increase in heart rate and force of contraction, while acetylcholine produces a decrease in heart rate and contraction?
Norepinpherine
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What can modify the basic heart rate that is established by the pacemaker cells?
the ANS
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ECG analysis reveals what?
The conduction of the conducting system
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The __________ in the medulla oblongata activated sympathetic neurons; the _________ governs the activities of the parasympathetic neurons.
Cardioacceleratory center; cardiohibitory center
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