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Alarm Reaction
The physiologic effects (increase in blood pressure, cardiac output, blood flow to skeletal muscles, rate of glycolysis, and blood glucose concentration; decrease in blood flow to viscera) mediated by sympathetic nervous system discharge and release of adrenal medullary hormones in response to stress, fright, or rage
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Autonomic Nervous System
The portion of the nervous system concerned with regulation of activity of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands, usually restricted to the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
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Anxiety
Mood state characterized by marked negative affect and bodily symptoms of tension in which a person apprehensively anticipates future danger of misfortune. May involve feelings, behaviors and physiological responses
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Panic Attack
Abrupt experience of intense fear or discomfort accompanied by a number of physical symptoms such as dizziness or heart palpitations. Type 1: Situationally bound (cued); Type 2: Unexpected (uncued); Type 3: Situationally predisposed
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Limbic System
A group of brain structures (including the hippocampus, gyrus fornicatus, and amygdala) common to all mammals; it is associated with olfaction, autonomic functions, and certain aspects of emotion and behavior
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Fight/Flight System
Brain circuit in animals that when stimulated causes an immediate alarm and escap response resembling human panic
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
Anxiety disorder characterized by intense, uncontrollable, unfocused, chronic, and continuous worry that is distressing and unproductive accompanied by physical symptoms of tenseness, irritability and restlessness
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Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia (PDA)
Fear and avoidance of situations the person believes might induce a dreaded panic attack
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Panic Disorder without Agoraphobia (PD)
Panic attacks experienced without development of agoraphobia
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Specific Phobia
Unreasonable fear of a specific object or situation that markedly interferes with daily life functioning
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Situation Bound & Predisposed
Cued panic attacks
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Social Phobia
Extreme, enduring, irrational fear and avoidance of social or performance situations
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Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Enduring, distressing emotional disorder that follows exposure to a severe helplessness-or fear- inducing threat. The victim reexperiences the trauma, avoids stimuli associated with it, and develops a numbing of responsiveness and an increased vigilance and arousal.
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Obsessive-compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Anxiety disorder involving unwanted, persistent, intrusive thoughts and impulses as well as repetitive actions intended to suppress them
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Obsession
Recurrent intrusive thoughts or impulses the client seeks to suppress or neutralize while recognizing they are not imposed by outside forces
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Compulsion
Repetitive, ritualistic, time-consuming behaviors or mental acts a person feels driven to perform
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Comorbidity of Anxiety with other disorders
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Psychopharmacological treatments for Anxiety Disorders
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Serotonin
A Neurotransmitter involved in information processing, coordination of movement, inhibition and restraint; it also assists in the regulation of eating, sexual, and agressive behaviors, all of which may be involved in different psychological disorders. Its interaction with dopamine is implicated in schizophrenia
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Somatoform Disorder
Pathological concerns of individuals with the appearance or functioning of their bodies, usually in the absence of any identifiable medical condition
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Dissociative Disorder
Disorders in which the individuals feel detached from themselves or their surroundings and reality, experience, and identity may disintegrate
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Hypochondriasis
Somatoform disorder involving severe anxiety over the believe that one has a disease process without any evident physical cause
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Somatization Disorder
Somatoform disorder involving extreme and long-lasting focus on multiple physical symptoms for which no medical cause is evident
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Conversion Disorder
Physical malfunctioning, such as blindness or paralysis, suggesting neurological impairment but with no organic pathology to account for it
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Malingering
Deliberate faking of a physical or psychological disorder motivated by gain
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Pain Disorder
Somatoform disorder featuring true pain but for which psychological factors play an important role in onset, severity, or maintenance
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Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)
Somatoform disorder featuring a disruptive preoccupation of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, affects, and control over impulses
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Depersonalization
A moment where your perception alters so that you temporarily lose the sense of your own reality
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Derealization
The sense of reality of the external world is lost
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Depersonalization Disorder
Dissociative disorder in which feelings of depersonalization are so severe they dominate the clients life and prevent normal functioning
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Dissociative Disorder
Disorders in which individuals feel detatched from themselves or their surrounding, and reality, experience, and identity may disintegrate
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Generalized Amnesia
Condition in which the person loses memory of all personal information including his or her own identity
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Localized Amneisa
Memory loss limited to specific times and events, particularly traumatic events.
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Dissociative Fugue
Dissociative disorder featuring sudden, unexpected travel from home along with an inability to recall one's past, sometimes with asusmption of a new identity
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Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
Formerly known as Multiple Personality Disorder, a disorder in which as many as 100 personalities or fragments of personalities coexist within one body and mind
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Alters
Shorthand term for alter egos, the different personalities or identities in dissociative identity disorder
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Mood Disorder
Group of disorders invilving severe and enduring disturbances in emotionality ranging from elation to severe depression
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Major Depressive Episode
Most common and severe experience of depression, including feelings of worthlessness, disturbances in bodily activities such as sleep, loss of interest, and the inability to experience pleasure, persisting at least two weeks
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Mania
Period of abnormally excessive elation or euphoria, associated with some mood disorder
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Manic Episode
Lasts about one week and sometimes the patient is hospitalized if severe enough.
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Hypomanic Episode
Less severe and less disruptive version of a manic episode that is one of the criteria for several mood disorders
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Major Depressive Disorder Single Episode/ Recurrent Episode
Mood disorder invilving one (single episode) or more (separatd by at least two months without depression-recurrent) major depressive apisodes
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Dythymic Disorder
Mood Disorder involving persistently depressed mood, with lo self-esteem, withdrawl, pesimism, or despair, and present for at least 2 yearswith no absence of symptoms for more than 2 months
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Double Depression
Severe mood disorder typified by major depressive episodes superimposed overa backgroud of dysthymic disorder
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Pathological Grief Reaction
Extreme reaction to the death of a loved one that involves psychotic features, suicidal ideation or severe loss of weight or energy or that persists more than 2 months
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Bipolar II Disorder
The alternation of major depressive episodes with hypomanic (not full manic) episodes
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Bipolar I Disorder
The Alternation of major depressive episodes with full manic episodes
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Cylothymic Disorder
Chronic (at least 2 years) mood disorder characterized by alternating mood elevation and depression levels that arenot as severe as manic or major depressive episodes
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Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
Mood disorder involving a cycling of episodes corresponding to the seasons of the year, typically with depression occuring during the winter
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Anhedonia
Inability to experience pleasure, associated with some mood and schizophrenic disorders
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Cognitive Therapy
Treatment approach that involves identifying and alternating negative thinking styles related to psychological disorder ssuch as depression and anxiety and replacing them with more positive believes and attitudes and ultimately more adaptive behavior and coping styles
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Suicidal Attempt
Efforts made to kill oneself
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Suicidal Ideation
Serioius thoughts about commiting suicide
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Boarderline Personality Disorder & Suicide
Cluster B (dramatic, emotional or erratic) personality disorder involving a pervasive patter of inability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, affects and control over impluses
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Depressive Attribution Style
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Learned Helplessness
Seligman's theory that people become anxious and depressed when they make an attribution that they have no control over the stress in their lives (whether in reality they do or not)
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Prozac
An SSRI that is a reuptake inhibitor and specifically block the reuptake for serotonin
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Valium
Tranqualizers thatare benzodiazepines.
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Hypericum
Medically used herbs
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Lithium
A Common salt; primary drug of choice for bipolar disorder
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Alcohol & Suicide
Alcohol use & abuse leads to suicide
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