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Define mitosis
growth and maintenance of the tissues. keeps the chromosome # at 46
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Define Meiosis
It reduces chromosomes by half to 23. Leads to production of sperm and egg. Generates genetic diversity
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How does mitosis and meiosis process differ?
- Mitosis > 2 cells with 46 chromosomes each
- Meiosis > more steps than mitosis, 4 cells with 23 chromosomes each
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Define chromosome
structure that holds your genes
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In humans, how many chromosomes are in somatic cells?
46 chromosomes
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In humans, how many chromosomes are in reproductive cells?
23 chromosomes
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For the cell cycle, what occurs in Interphase?
made of G1, G2, and S
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For the cell cycle, what occurs in mitosis?
- Prophase
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
- Telophase
- Cytokinesis
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For the cell cycle, what occurs in G1?
growth
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For the cell cycle, what occurs in S?
DNA is made
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For the cell cycle, what occurs in G2?
Growth
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In mitosis, what happens in prophase?
- Chromosomes are visible
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In mitosis, what happens in metaphase?
- Chromosomes line up at the equator (middle)
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In mitosis, what happens in anaphase?
- chromosomes are pulled apart
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In mitosis, what happens in telophase?
- Nucleus is reformed
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In mitosis, what happens in cytokinesis?
- cells divide
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For meiosis, what happens in meiosis I?
2 cells with 46 chromosomes each
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For meiosis, what happens in meiosis II?
4 cells with 23 chromosomes
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In meiosis, what is the significance of crossing over and independent assortment?
gentic diversity
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Define nondisjunction
chromosomes are not distributed equally
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What is the chromosome situation for someone with Down syndrome?
there are 3 copies of chromosome 21
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What is the chromosome situation for someone with Klinefelter syndrome?
more than 1 copy of the X chromosome
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What is the chromosome situation for some with Turner syndrome?
only 1 X chromosome
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What was Gregor Mendel's role in genetics?
study of pea plants (inheritance)
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Define Gene
the basic unit of inheritance
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Define allele
different versions of a gene ex. AA
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Define dominant allele
- only one copy is needed for the characteristic to be present
- dont skip generations
- ex. A is the dominant allele in Aa
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Define recessive allele
- requires 2 copies to have the same characteristic
- more likely to skip generations
- ex. aa is 2 recessive alleles
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Define codominance
- 2 alleles that are equally dominant
- ex. in ABO blood types A and B are codominant
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Define incomplete dominance
- there isnt a dominant or recessive allele
- Ex. Snap Dragon > RR-red + rr-white = Rr-pink
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Define genotype
- the combination of allels
- shown by letters.... ex. Aa
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Define phenotype
- the physical aspect
- ex. eye color, freckles
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Be able to complete a 1 trait cross with dominant/recessive traits (Ff), sex linked traits (XY and XX), and codominant traits (BW)
Ex.
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Be able to calculate genotype and phenotype ratios
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Perform a cross of ABO blood types
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Who determines the sex of a child?
the male (the father)
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How and why is aminocentesos sampling and chorionic villus sampling done?
- sampling cells from the baby
- to test for genetic disorders
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What is the flow of information in eukaryotic organisms?
DNA --> RNA --> Protein
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What are the 3 differences between DNA and RNA?
- strands
- sugars
- nitrogen bases
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What are the nitrogen bases in DNA?
- Adenine - A
- Thymine - T
- Cytosine - C
- Guanine - G
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What are the nitrogen bases in RNA?
- Adenine - A
- Uracil - U
- Cytosine - C
- Guanine - G
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What is the complimentary base pair of AATGCTCGTCA?
- TTACGAGCAGT
- (use the opposite of each letter to create the complimentary base pair)
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What is the sequence of nitrogen bases in a mRNA molecule TTACGAGCAGT?
- UUACGAGCAGU
- (use the complimentary strand and replace all T with U for Uracil, keep all other letters the same)
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In a DNA base pair....
T =___, A = ___
G = ___, C = ___
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How do you translate an mRNA sequence to amino acids using genetic codes?
- put a line in between every 3 letters
- look up your codes according to the segment of 3 letters
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What is the mRNA starting codon?
AUG
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What are the 3 mRNA stop codons?
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For DNA replication, what is the function of the helicase?
an enzyme that opens up the DNA molecule
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For DNA replication, what is the function of DNA Polymerase?
makes new DNA
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What is the function of mRNA (messanger RNA)?
carries information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
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What is the function of tRNA (transfer RNA)?
binds to a specific amino acid and transports it to be added to a polypeptide chain
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What is the function of rRNA (ribosomal RNA)?
combines with protein to form ribosomes
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What is the function of RNA polymerase in transcription?
makes new RNA
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How does a ribosome perform translation?
ribosome reads the mRNA and assembles the amino acids
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Define codon
- a set of 3 mRNA nucleotides
- Ex. AUG (the starting codon) is a codon
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Define anticodon
how tRNA attaches to mRNA while both are inside the ribosome
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What happens during initiation of translation?
ribosomes assemble
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What happens during elongation of translation?
amino acids are linked together
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What happens during termination of translation?
everything is taken apart
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What are 3 possible effects of mutations?
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What is the function of epithelial tissue?
- protection
- lining
- hormone production
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What is the function of connective tissue?
holds things together
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What is the function of muscle tissue?
movement
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Epithelial tissue. What is the function of squamous tissue?
- allows passage of materials
- protects
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Epithelial tissue. What is the function of cuboidal tissue?
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Epithelial tissue. What is the function of columnar tissue?
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Connective tissue. What is the function of areolar tissue?
wraps and cushions organs
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Connective tissue. What is the function of adipose tissue?
- stores energy
- insulates
- cushions organs
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Connective tissue. What is the function of dense connective tissue?
attaches bone to bone or bone to muscle
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Connective tissue. What is the function of cartilage?
provides support and protection
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Connective tissue. What is the function of bone?
support and protection
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Connective tissue. What is the function of blood?
transports oxygen and carbon dioxide
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Muscle tissue. What is the function of skeletal muscle tissue?
provides voluntary movement
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Muscle tissue. What is the function of cardiac muscle tissue?
contracts and propels blood through the circulatory system
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Muscle tissue. What is the function of smooth muscle tissue?
propels substances or objects through internal passageways
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What is the main function of hyaline cartilage?
provides support and flexibility
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What is the main function of elastic cartilage?
strength and elasticity
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What is the main function of fibrocartilage?
withstands pressure
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Define endocrine glands
secretes hormones into blood stream
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Define matrix
space surrounding cells
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Define collagen fibers
protein that makes up the matrix
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Define elastic fibers
protein that makes up the matrix
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Define reticular fibers
protein that makes up the matrix
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What is the main function of the integumentary system (skin)?
protects underlying tissues
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What is the main function of the skeletal system?
- attachment for muscles
- protects organs
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What is the main function of the muscular system?
moves body
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What is the main function of the nervous system?
regulates and integrates body functions via neurons
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What is the main function of the endocrine system?
regulates and integrates body functions via hormones
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What is the main function of the cardiovascular system?
- heart and blood vessels
- distributes blood, nutrients, removes wastes
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What is the main function of the lymphatic system?
returns tissue fluids to blood
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What is the main function of the respiratory system?
breathing
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What is the main function of the digestive system?
breakdown of food
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What is the main function of the urinary system?
maintains constant internal environment through the excretion of wastes
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What is the main function of the reproductive system?
- produces and secretes hormones
- making babies
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Know the dorsal and ventral cavities
see picture
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Define mucous membrane
lines passageways that are open to the exterior of the body
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Define serous membranes
line the thoracic and abdominal cavities
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Define synovial membrane
line the cavities of freely moveable joints such as the knee
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Define cutaneous membrane
the skin, overs the outside of the body
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What are the functions of the skin?
- protects
- sensory
- heat (hold/release)
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What is the epidermis made of and its function?
- epithelial cells
- protective barrier against environmental hazards
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What is the dermis and its function?
- connective tissue
- durable/doesnt wear away - tattoos permanent
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What is the hypodermis and its function?
- connective tissue
- cushions blows and prevents changes in body temp
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How does skin get its color?
melanin
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What are the functions of hair?
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What are the functions of nails?
- sensor
- touch
- grabbing things
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Define homeostasis
constant internal environment
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What are the 3 components of a homestatic mechanism?
- receptor
- control center
- effector
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Define receptor
senses a condition
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Define control center
brain - processes info
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Define effector
carries out the action (muscles)
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How does the hypothalamus maintain the body's core temperature?
- takes sensory info (cold/hot)
- tells brain what to do (shiver/sweat)
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What are the 6 functions of the skeletal system?
- support
- movement
- protection
- storage of minerals
- storage of fat
- blood cell production
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Define compact bone
forms most long bones, hard, and heavy
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Define spongy bone
bone with open areas in between
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Define red marrow
makes red blood cells
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Define yellow marrow
fat storage
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What does a compact bone look like?
- circular objects on it
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What does a spongy bone look like?
- a sponge
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Define osteon
functional unit of bone
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Define osteocytes
bone cells
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Define lacuna
little space where bone cells reside
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Define osteoblast
build bone
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In bone formation what does the cartilage do?
- framework for bone
- allows bone to grow
- its replaced by bone
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The steps in healing a bone are?
- cartilage forms around the break
- bone forms
- bone is shaped
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What is the rold of fibroblasts?
makes cartilage
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What is the axial skeleton?
- middle of body
- skull, spine and ribs
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What is the appendicular skeleton?
- arms and legs
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Know the steps of bone formation
- 1. cartilage bone formed
- 2. osteoblasts form a collar around the cartilage
- 3. Cartilage begins to hollow, spongy bone fills in, blood vessels begin to form
- 4. region of bone expands
- 5. secondary centers of bone form at ends of bone
- 6. cartilage is only at the surfaces of ends of bones and the growth plate
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Know the vertebral column
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What is the function of intervertebral disks?
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What is the function of the rib cage?
protects
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What is the function of the pectoral girdle?
helps move arms
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What is the function of the pelvic girdle in men and women?
- men - movement
- women - movement and childbirth
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Define fibrous joints
in skull - 2 bones glued together
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Define cartilaginous joints
vertebrae - 2 bones seperated by cartilage
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Define synovial joints
knee - have synovial fluid in them
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