Osmolarity&Energy&Transport.csv

the total energy of a system and its surroundings must remain constant; energy can be neither created nor destroyed

the entropy of a system tends to increase

energy available to do work; the change in free energy of a system is equal to the energy of the products minus the energy of the reactants

disorder/randomness

heat content (chemical bond energy)

represented by delta Gknot; represents the free energy change when the initial concentration of each reactant and product is 1 M & pressure is 1 atm & pH = 0 ( for biochemical purposes pH = 7) & the temperature is 298 K (25 degrees C)

change in free energy = change in enthalpy - temperature * (change in entropy)

likely to occur when free energy is released (exergonic reaction with negative delta G)

the ratio of product to reactant concentration when the forward and reverse reactions proceed at the same rate

reciprocal; high delta G = low Keq and vice versa

phosphoenolpyruvate; creatine phosphate; 1 3-bisphosphogycerate

a mole of dissolved solute; ignores the nature of the solute and assumes the solute to be a particle

the concentration of osmoles; the summed concentration of dissolved solutes when each is expressed in molar units

the degree to which dissolved solute lowers the concentration of water in solution; takes into account the specific drawing power of a solute; expressed in milliosmoles of solute per kilogram of solution

equivalent to osmolality expressed in pressure units

calculations involving ideal solutions treat solute as ions/small particles and do not take into account the solute's specific interactions with water molecules

about 308 � 5 mOsM/L

about 285 � 5 mOsM/kg

osmolality is determined by any substance that reduces the concentration of water; tonicity includes only solutes that can affect the volume of a cell (ONLY impermeant solutes)

cell osmolality and its relation to the osmolality of the environment

plasma proteins and other solutes that cannot easily cross epithelial barriers; can cause significant differences in osmolality between tissue interstitial fluid and blood

small solutes (such as sodium and glucose) that easily cross capillaries between blood and interstitial fluid outside the vascular compartment; do not create significant differences in osmolality between blood and tissue extracellular fluid

osmotic pressure due to colloids in a solution; also called oncotic pressure

about 2/3 of total body water and total body solutes are in ICF (osmotically equal to ECF)

about 1/3 of total body water and total body solutes are in ECF (osmotically equal to ICF)

1 - all fluids are ideal (thus can use osmolarity in calculations); 2 - ICF and ECF are in osmotic equilibrium; 3 - the fraction of total body water in each compartment is proportional to the fraction of total body solute in each compartment; 4 - gain/loss of sodium is to/from ECF; 5 - gain/loss of potassium is to/from ICF; 6 - glucose initially distributes to the ECF but is removed as it is metabolized

cardiopulmonary exercise training; involves measurement of oxygen uptake (VO2) & carbon dioxide output (VCO2) & minute ventilation (VE) & 12 lead ECG & HR/BP response & pulse oximetry (SpO2); evaluates cardiac & pulmonary & metabolic function

the maximum capacity of a person's body to transport and use oxygen during incremental exercise

most important parameter for assessment of cardiac output & peripheral circulation & pulmonary circulation; corresponds to the point in time at which lactate begins to accumulate (anaerobic respiration); is independent of patient motivation

includes physical activity & healthy eating & ideal weight & psychosocial factors & familial predisposition

includes lipid-lowering & hypertension control & smoking cessation & diabetes control

involves treatment of cardiovascular disease through ASA & ACE-I & rehab & beta-blockers

frequency & intensity & time & type

about 55.5 mol/L

a solute's ability to affect a cell's volume; only impermeant solutes contribute to tonicity

around 50-60%

around 2/3 total body water = ICF; 1/3 = ECF

solutes are transferred down their electrochemical gradient; may or may not be protein-mediated; does not require energy

solutes are transferred against their electochemical gradient; requires energy

method of passive transport; occurs through a membrane or a channel (can open and close) or a pore (always open)

method of passive transport; occurs through a carrier; allows far fewer ions to pass through than in simple diffusion

driving force; membrane permeability to solute; pathway

driving force comes from the favorable energy change associated with an exergonic reaction; includes P-type ATPases & ABC transporters & V-type H pump & F-type pump

driving force is generated by coupling the uphill movement of one solute to the downhill movement of one or more solutes for which a favorable electrochemical potential exists

P-type ATPases involve a high-energy phosphate intermediate; ABC transporters (ATP-binding cassette) involve binding of ATP by a characteristic motif

"energy storage from the electrochemical gradient of another

secondary active transport in which both solutes move in the same direction across a membrane (one down its electrochemical gradient and the other up its electrochemical gradient)

secondary active transport in which the passively transported and the actively transported solutes move in opposite directions across the membrane

non-hydrolyzable molecules that are secreted by a cell for the sole purpose of regulating the osmolality inside the cell

short-term = secretion of osmolytes; long-term = induction of synthesis or degredation of osmotically active molecules

involves the transfer of electrons from an electron donor (reductant) to an electron acceptor (oxidant)

a measure of the tendency of a species to acquire electrons under standard conditions (pH of 0 - or 7 under standard biological conditions; 25 degrees; 1M concentration of each ion; partial pressure of 1 atm for each gas)

inverse; standard free energy is negative when standard redox potential is positive

membrane complexes I & II donate electrons to mobile carrier ubiquinone (coenzyme Q) -> membrane complex III -> mobile carrier cytochrome c -> membrane complex IV; arranged in order of increasing redox potential (negative to positive)

electrochemical gradient produced when 2 electrons moving through the ETC -> accumulation of 10 H+ outside of the membrane (movement of H+ from N side - matrix - to P side - intermembrane space

protons travel down their concentration gradient through the a subunit of the F0 subunit ->c and gamma rotation -> cycle of beta subunit of F1 subunit through conformational changes (loose -> tight -> open) -> binding of phosphate to ADP -. ATP production

can form when electrons are leaked from the electron transport chain; cause genetic mutations & membrane dysfunction & enzyme inactivation; include superoxide (1 extra electron) & hydrogen peroxide (2 extra electrons) & hydroxyl radicals (3 extra electrons)

manganese superoxide dismutase -> breakdown of superoxide in mitochondria; copper-zinc superoxide dismutase -> breakdown of superoxide in cytoplasm; catalase -> detoxifiction of hydrogen peroxide; glutathione peroxidase -> detoxification of hydrogen peroxide; no enzyme -> breakdown of hydroxy radical