Parenting- Exam 2

• scapegoating
• triangulation
• enmeshed families
• disengaged-parents

detouring feelings of tension and focusing the feelings on a child

one parent forming an alliance with one of the children and excluding other children or spouse

parents were angry, unable to agree on parenting rules

high levels of hostility and did not support each other

• how two or more parenting figures relate to each other as they work together to parent
• married, separated, divorced, remarried, extended family

• cooperation
• clear communication
• coordination of effort
• agreed-upon standards
• clear boundaries
• emotional closeness
• connection

• sensitive, responsive care that meets child's needs
• becoming an interactive social partner who shares child's response to life's experiences

• dismissive- minimize importance, make light of them
• disapproving- criticize, judge and punish children for expressing feelings
• laissez-faire- accept all feelings but do not guide children in how to deal with feelings

• parents recognize when children are having a feelings, what that feeling is and when others are having feelings
• parents consider feelings as opportunities for intimacy or teaching
• parents listen empathetically and validate
• parents help child verbally label feelings
• parents set limits while helping child solve problem (do not limit feeling)

• clear statement of how parent feels
• statement of the behavior that has caused parent to feel that way
• statement describing why behavior is upsetting to parent

• when used, parents begin to take their own needs seriously
• children learn about parents' reaction
• children have opportunity to solve problems in response to I messages

• naming with approval
• taking turns
• strengthening the weak link
• following
• saying yes (not don't)
• supportive initiative
• taking lead
• sharing pleasant moments

• limit number of media choices in home, location
• turn off during mealtimes and when not using them
• interact with children during use
• use v-chips, filters
• set media rules and enforce them
• use for learning and interaction

• teaching children to behave in was considered appropriate by their parents, teachers, and caregivers
• helps children learn control and making appropriate choices
• must be positive, reasonable and temperate

• personality/temperament
• family background
• family values
• birth order
• financial and social status

• no right way
• do not use abusive corporal physical punishment
• try to understand their emotions and motivations
• facilitate children's opportunities to learn to think and reason for themselves
• learn to value individual differences of children
• maintain a clear understanding that discipline should be based on helping children develop internal structure that is healthy

• paying positive attention to child
• spending time with them
• encouraging skill development
• monitoring children's activities
• engaging in problem solving when difficulties arise

• define the problem
• generate possible solutions
• evaluate possible solutions
• decide on best solution
• implement the decision
• follow-up evaluation

• direct result of a physical act
• stay up late, you get sleepy
• touch hot stove, get burned

• events that follow social act
• misuse family care, parents won't trust you
• leave your ball glove in yard, damaged

• intervene early
• stay as calm and objective as possible
• state rule that was violated
• use a mild negative consequence
• use negative consequences consistently
• reinforce positive social behaviors afterward

• ignoring- whining, sulking, pouting
• social disapproval- in public
• time-out

• inconsistent discipline
• irritable, harsh, explosive, discipline
• low-supervision and low involvement
• inflexible, rigid discipline

• slap or two with flat of hand on buttocks or extremities without causing any physical injury
• ages 2-6 usually

beating, kicking, punching that results in injury

• parents belief in its usefulness
• parents own experiences with it as a child
• authoritarian style of parenting
• problems with aggressiveness

• love and satisfying, close relationship with others
• stimulation and excitement of watching them grow
• means of self-development
• achieving adult status
• expression of moral, religious belief
• utility- caring for you when you're old

• restrictions- freedom, time, etc
• negative feelings evoked by children- worry, discipline, etc
• concerns about being a poor parent

• feelings of self-esteem
• capacity for positive mutuality in relationships, especially with partner
• capacity for flexible problem solving

• planners- make definite decision about parenting
• acceptance of fate- unplanned pregnancies, but accepted quietly or enthusiastically
• ambivalent- both positive and negative feelings, one parent leaning one direction and others leaning another
• yes-no- marked conflict about having or not having

• social background of mother
• early family relationships
• individual personality characteristics
• peer relationships
• early maturation and high rates of sexual activity
• sexual abuse
• older fathers/boyfriends

• poverty
• birth complications, prematurity, etc
• poor parenting from mothers
• behavior and school problems
• less social support

• being a boy
• easy adaptable temperament
• intelligent
• mother continuing education
• mother limiting subsequent children
• mother entering stable marriage
• mother having high self-esteem

failure to conceive after a year of unprotected sex

• In vitro fertilization- eggs and sperm are mixed in lab to fertlize and some zygotes are transferred to uterus
• egg donations
• embryo donations
• surrogacy
• sperm donations- first type of donation
• intracytoplasmic sperm injection- injection of sperm into egg then placed in uterus or fallopian tube
• gamete intrafallopian transfer- collecting eggs then placing them into a tube with sperm, injected into fallopian tubes
• zygote intrafallopian transfer- combines ivf and gift, eggs and sperm mixed outside body then but in fallopian tubes

• tiredness and exhaustion
• loss of sleep- 2 months
• concern about ignoring husband's needs
• feeling inadequate
• inability to keep up with housework
• feeling down

• loss of sleep- 6 weeks
• need to adjust to new responsibilities and routines
• disruption of daily routines
• ignorance of the amount of work baby requires
• financial worries

• capacity to balance individuality and mutuality
• communication skills of both parents
• attitude in confronting situations and people
• expectations about what baby will bring
• ability to devise sharing of workload
• ability to come to terms with patterns of behavior learned in family of origin
• ability to manage conflict effectively

looking to parents to judge how to respond

• nervous system more integrated by 3 months- awake more during day and sleep more at night
• by 8 months, physical changes result of melination of neurons- coordination, crawling, walking, etc

• sensorimotor period of life
• move from interest in own body to interest in others
• 18-24 months representational though develops

• first forms of language are cries, laughs, frowns
• first words pertain to objects, people and experiences important to child
• first words explain feelings but do not label feelings

• facial expressions
• respond to other's emotional reactions
• self regard
• empathy- touching, cuddling, not as much concern when cause of stress
• anger- peak at 2 years, good structure and routines results in fewer outbursts

• 1-4 mos- establishes predictable patterns of behavior
• 4-10- become separate individual from caregiver
• 10-15- greater sense of self as one who makes things happen
• 15-18- "me self" begin to internalize how others react to them
• 18-24- recognize self in mirror and photos, respond to others responses to them
• 24-36- greater sense of separation of self from others, personal pronouns and describing what they can and can't do

• undiscriminating social responsiveness (2-3 mos)
• discrimination in social responsiveness (4-5)
• seeking physical proximity and contact with familiar people (7)
• goal-directed partnership (3 years)

• nurturant caregiving: food, protection, warmth, affection
• material caregiving: organizing babies' world with inanimate objects, stimulation, and opportunities
• social caregiving: interaction with others, hugging, soothing, vocalizing, playing
• didactic caregiving: stimulating infants' interest in and understanding of world outside parent-child relationship