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Progress and Reason:
Scientific succeses convinced educated Europeans of the power of Human Reason
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Natural Laws:
Laws that governed human nature
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Social Contract:
Agreement by which they gave up the sate of nature for an organized society
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John Locke:
- Optimistic view of human nature
- Natural Rights: Rights for all humans
- Believed that humans were born with a blank mind and that they became evil.
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Thomas Hobbes:
Argued that people were naturally cruel greedy and selfish.
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Montesquie:
- Created the 3 branches of government:
- Legislative, judicial, executive
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Philosophe:
Lovers of wisdom:
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Women of the enlightenment:
Natural Rights
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censorship:
restricting ideas and information
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Salons:
Informal social gatherings of writers, authors, poets, artists and philosphes to exchange ideas.
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enlightened despots:
absolute rulers who used their power to bring about political and social change.
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Frederick the great:
king of Prussia. tolerated religion, reorganized civil service and simplified laws.
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Catherine the Great:
her contribution to Russia was not reform but an expanded empire.
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Joseph II:
son and successor of Maria Theresa. build hospitals, ended censorship and serfdom.
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Baroque Art:
were huge, colorful and exciting.
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Rococo Art:
personal, elegant and charming.
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Music:
people saw ballet accompanied by opera. Oper was only sang on royal court.
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The novel:
there was more novels and long works of prose fiction.
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What influences rose Britain to global power?
- -Geography (location because they could control trade)
- -Success in War (they were winning side of Europe and monopolized slave trade in Spanish America)
- -Favorable Climate
- -Union with Scotland
- -had power over ireland
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Constitutional Government:
government whose power is defines and limited by law. Includes the Magna Carta and Bill of Rights
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Political Parites:
two new political parties arose the Tories and the Whigs
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Tories:
landed aristocrats whosuported broad royal powers and sominant anglican church
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Whigs: religious toleration, favor parliament over the crown.
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Cabinet system:
was madee up of the leaders of the House of Commons and a prime minister who was the head of the cabinet.
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Oligarchy:
government ruled by a few.
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The 13 colonies:
governement and society was dominated by wealthy landowners and merchants. free discussions. Colonists had the same rights as eglish citizens.
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Growing Discontent:
- -Parliament passed new laws to increase taxes paid by the colonies snd colonists protested because they had no representation
- -Boston tea party: when angry colonists threw tea to boston harbor
- -Boston massacre: when 5 protestants were murdered
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C. Congress:
they held a continental congress to decide what action to take. war started to declare independence formt the british with george washington in command. They did not lose their hopes and held a second congress and thomas jefferson wrote the declaration of independence whcih was adopted by american leader on july 4 1776.
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The American Revolution:
Loyalists supported britain and France allied with America. Helped by French flees, Americans forced surrender of britain troops. After 2 yearse, france, Britiain and America signed the treaty of paris that said the war had ended.
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federal republic:
The contitution created it to divide power between the federal or national, government and the states.
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Bill of rights:
recognized the idea that people had basic rights.(freedom of speech, religion and press)
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Limited Freedoms:
most americans still do not have the right to vote.
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