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Coleochaetes
- - Green Algae
- - more advanced than Red Algae and ulvophytes
- - freshwater algae
- - plasmodesmata
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Ulvophytes
- - Green Algae
- - more advanced than red algae
- like sea lettuce
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Stoneworts (Charapyceae)
- - Green algae
- - more advanced than red algae, coleochates, and ulvophytes
- - accumulate CaCO3 on surfaces
- - plasmodesmata
- - freshwater algae (shallower areas)
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Bryophata (Mosses)
- - Nonvascular plants (Land plants)
- - more advanced than liverworts/hornworts
- - can live in extreme conditions
- - use rhizoids to stay attached
-mostly in gametophyte stage
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Liverworts
- - Nonvascular plant (Land plant)
- - most basic in this group
- - covered with cuticle
- mostly in gametophyte stage
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Hornworts
- - Nonvascular plant (land plant)
- - more advanced than liverworts
- - have stomata
- mostly in gametophyte stage
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Lycophytes (ground pines, club mosses)
- - Seedless Vascular plants
- - basal species
- - land plant with ROOTS (helps to conduct water/nutrients)
- - small, close to ground and has spiky stuff
- mostly in sporophyte stage
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Whisk Ferns
- - Seedless vascular plant
- - more advanced than lycophytes
- - lack roots (get it from rhizomes - underground stems - or epiphytes - on other plants)
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Horsetails
- - Seedless vascular plant
- - more advanced than lycophytes and whisk ferns
- - in stream banks and marsh edges
- - can flourish in oxygen-poor soils
- - hollow reed-like structure... O2 diffuses down stem to roots
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Ferns
- - Seedless vascular plants
- - more advanced than lycophytes, whisk ferns, and horsetails
- - large, well-developed leaves (called fronds) --> capture sunlight more effectively
- - sporophyte dominant phase
- fern sporangia located underneath fronds
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Cycads
- - Gymnosperm (Seed plant)
- - most basal
- - look like palm trees, compound leaves (leaf divided into leaflets)
- - heterosporous (micro or megasporangia)
- - use pollen
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Ginkgos
- - Gymnosperms (Seed plants)
- - more advanced than Cycads
- - deciduous... dormant during the winter
- - heterosporous
- - use pollen
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Gnetophytes
- - Gymnosperms (seed plants)
- - more advanced than cycads and ginkgos
- - bizarre structure (two large leaves that continuously grow at ends)
- - micro/megasporangia in clusters at end of stalks
- - pollen through the air
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Pinophyta (pines, spruces, firs)
- - Gymnosperms (Seed plants)
- - more advanced than cycads, ginkgos, gnetophytes
- - needle-like leaves
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Anthophyta (angiosperms)
- - angiosperms
- - most common plant on land
- - contain tracheids and vessel elements
- - carpel (ovary) and stamen (anther and sperm)
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