Bio Test 1

• - Green Algae
• - more advanced than Red Algae and ulvophytes

• - freshwater algae
• - plasmodesmata

• - Green Algae
• - more advanced than red algae

- like sea lettuce

• - Green algae
• - more advanced than red algae, coleochates, and ulvophytes
• - accumulate CaCO₃ on surfaces

• - plasmodesmata
• - freshwater algae (shallower areas)

• - Nonvascular plants (Land plants)
• - more advanced than liverworts/hornworts
• - can live in extreme conditions
• - use rhizoids to stay attached

-mostly in gametophyte stage

• - Nonvascular plant (Land plant)
• - most basic in this group
• - covered with cuticle

- mostly in gametophyte stage

• - Nonvascular plant (land plant)
• - more advanced than liverworts
• - have stomata

- mostly in gametophyte stage

• - Seedless Vascular plants
• - basal species
• - land plant with ROOTS (helps to conduct water/nutrients)
• - small, close to ground and has spiky stuff

- mostly in sporophyte stage

• - Seedless vascular plant
• - more advanced than lycophytes
• - lack roots (get it from rhizomes - underground stems - or epiphytes - on other plants)

• - Seedless vascular plant
• - more advanced than lycophytes and whisk ferns
• - in stream banks and marsh edges

• - can flourish in oxygen-poor soils
• - hollow reed-like structure... O₂ diffuses down stem to roots

• - Seedless vascular plants
• - more advanced than lycophytes, whisk ferns, and horsetails
• - large, well-developed leaves (called fronds) --> capture sunlight more effectively
• - sporophyte dominant phase

- fern sporangia located underneath fronds

• - Gymnosperm (Seed plant)
• - most basal
• - look like palm trees, compound leaves (leaf divided into leaflets)
• - heterosporous (micro or megasporangia)
• - use pollen

• - Gymnosperms (Seed plants)
• - more advanced than Cycads
• - deciduous... dormant during the winter
• - heterosporous
• - use pollen

• - Gymnosperms (seed plants)
• - more advanced than cycads and ginkgos
• - bizarre structure (two large leaves that continuously grow at ends)

• - micro/megasporangia in clusters at end of stalks
• - pollen through the air

• - Gymnosperms (Seed plants)
• - more advanced than cycads, ginkgos, gnetophytes
• - needle-like leaves

• - angiosperms
• - most common plant on land
• - contain tracheids and vessel elements
• - carpel (ovary) and stamen (anther and sperm)

fungal root that helps plants grow faster

digest dead plant material

build up of dead plant material

• - 4.6 bya
• - Earth forms
• - life begins

• - 542 mya
• - many animal lineages appear

creation of Earth/solar system (4.5bya)

origins of life (3.8bya)

oxygen in atmosphere, beginnings of multicellular life (2.5bya)

explosion of life, like algae and more marine invertebrates (542mya)

Echinoderms - sea stars/urchins (488mya)

upland plant communities, diversify fish (416mya)

insects diversify, swamps (make coal)

(359mya)

coal forming swamps diminish - ends with mass extinction

(300mya)

Age of the reptiles (250mya)

gymnosperms dominant land plants, dinosaurs

(250mya)

first mammals and angiosperms, dinosaurs still the head animal

(200mya)

Dinosaurs and angiosperms diversify

(145mya)

Age of Mammals (65.5mya)

cyanobacteria and algae

Burgess shale fauna, Ediacara fauna, Doushantuo fossils

gene duplication (during Cambrian era) led to new copies of existing homeoitic genes (defines type of structure cell will become)

comprised of 3 fatty acids linked to 3 carbon molecule called glycerol (through ester linkage)

ampipathic compound, comprises membranes

artificial membrane-bound vesicles

sol'n outside has more solutes, water will flow out

sol'n outside has less solute, become engorged with water

moving membrane with membrane proteins interspersed

traits that define a single group

using statistic (like DNA) to compare similarities

using relationships built off shared derived characterrs

traits similar due to other pressuring force

intact, compression, cast, permineralized fossil

end of the cretaceous period due to meteor (we know this due to iridium deposits and shocked quartz)

have circular chromosomes, spin propellor flagella (but molecular comp different), single celled

causes infections

• - Microbes only exist in sick people
• - organism grown in separate culture
• - if organism injected to healthy animal, it should get sick
• - org. tested again

using bacteria to help clean up pollution

collecting sample from habitat, DNA purified and PCR used to multiply gene

• halophiles (salt)
• sulfate reducers
• methanogens
• thermophiles (heat)

helps identify type of cell wall in bacteria

• (+) membrane surrounded by cell wall w/ peptidoglycan
• (-) membrane surrounded by thin gel layer w/ peptidoglycan and phospholipid bilayer

oxidize INorganic material

oxidize organic material

water

uses iron

• Excavata (excavated groove on one side of cell, no mitochondria)
• Discicristata (mitochondria, with disc-shaped cristae)
• Alveolate (alveoli that form layer under membrane)
• Strameopila (flagella covered in hairlike projections)
• Rhizaria (shell-like covering)
• Plantae (chloroplasts with double membrane)
• Opisthokonta (mitochondria cristae flat, single flagellum at base)
• Amoebozoa (no cell walls, form lobes when moving/extending outward)

• - Bacteria
• - most basal
• - rod/spherical shaped

• - Bacteria
• - more advanced than firmicutes
• - corkscrew shape (spiral)

• - Bacteria
• - more advanced than firmicutes, same as spirochetes and chlamydiales
• - form branching filaments called mycelia

• - Bacteria
• - more advanced than firmicutes, spirochetes, actinobacteria, and chlamydiales
• - photosynthesis

• - Bacteria
• - more advanced than firmicutes, same as spirochetes and actinobacteria
• - all are endosymbionts within other organisms

• - Bacteria
• - more advanced than firmicutes, spirochetes/actinobacteria/chlamydiales
• - very diverse group

• - Archaea
• - more basal
• - lives in extreme environments

• - Archaea
• - live in almost every single habitat known
• - all different shapes

no single synapomorphy

• - Protist
• - evolves very quickly (causes malaria)

• - Protists
• - Cause red tides during algae blooms

• - Protist
• - primary producer

• - nuclear envelope formed by infolding of membrane
• - cell walls or tests/shells
• - multicellularity

engulf bacteria

absorb from environment

stolen ability from cyanobacteria, produce energy from light

dependent, intracellular parasite (not considered living)

must be inside of a host to operate

virus that infects bacteria

affects large group of people over widening area

epidemic that reached worldwide proportions

acquired immune deficiency syndrome... caused by HIV

human immunodeficiency virus

affects helper T cells and macrophages

enclosed shell of proteins

capsid is wrapped in extra membrane

when virus infects animal and then becomes a part of the chromosome

when virus takes over cell and then breaks out of cell to produce more cells

• 1. entry
• 2. production and processing of viral protein
• 3. genome replication
• 4. virions assembly
• 5. exit cell
• 6. transmission to new host

"escaped gene sets" that remembered how to replicate