Chem.111.01.Reitz

Potential Chemical energy, stored energy within atoms or molecules

atoms or molecules arranged in patterns with long-range, repeating order

atoms or molecules that do not have any long-range order

submicroscopic particles that constitue the fundamental building blocks of ordinary matter

the science that seeks to understand the behavior of matter by studying the behavior of atoms and molecules.

tentative interpretation or explanation of observations

highly controlled procedures designed to generate observations

a brief state that summarizes past observations and predicts furture ones. They do not define nature, but they do describe how nature behaves -- they are generalizations about what nature does. Some refer to them as principles

Antoine Lavoisier summarized it as, "in a chemical reaction, matter is neither created nor destroyed." Lavoisier observed combustion. John Dalton explained that since atoms were merely rearranged in chemical changes (neither created or destroyed), the total amount of mass would remain the same.

a model for the way nature is and tries to explain not merely what nature does but why. They predict behavior beyond the observations or laws from which they were developed.

Developed by John Dalton (1766-1844), proposed that matter was composed of small, indestructible particles called atoms.It is a model of how the physical world works, and how nature works, and therefore explains our laws and observations.

A law simply summarizes a series of related observations, while a theory gives the underlying reasons for them.

anything that occupies space and has mass.

• solid -- packed close to each other in fixed locations. They vibrate but do not move or pass each other. Has fixed volume and rigid shape.
• liquid -- packed about as closely as they do in solid, but are free to move relative to each other. Has fixed volume, but not fixed shape.
• gases -- contain spaces between them and are free to move relative to one another, making it COMPRESSIBLE. Always assume the shape and volume of container.

• Pure substances -- composed of single type of atom or molecule.
• mixtures -- substance composed of two or more different types of atoms or molecules that can be combined in variable proportions.

• Properties is one that a substances display without changing its composition
• Changes that alder only state or appearance, but not composition

• Property is one that substance displays only by changing its composition via a chemical change
• Changes that alter the composition of matter, where atoms rearrange, transform, etc

the capacity to do work

the action of a force through a distance

• Kinetic energy -- energy associated with motion
• Potential energy -- energy associated with its position or composition

the energy associated with the temperature of an object. It is a type of kinetic energy.

the observation that energy is neither created nor destroyed. Energy can change and flow, but the total quantity does not change.

The tendency of systems with high potential energy (unstable) to change in a way that lowers their potential energy(stable). E.x. Chemical potential energy

standard quantities used to specify Measurements

unit system used by scientists called International System of Units (SI), E.x. cm, m, kg

e.x. inches, yards, pounds

• Kelvin (K), SI unit of Temperature. Measures the amount of average kinetic energy of atoms or molecules that compose the matter. Starts at 0 K
• Celsius, Starts at -273 C
• Fahrenheit, Starts at -459 F

those that are independent of the amount of you have. E.x. density,

ones that depend on the amount of substance you have, E.x. mass

The Greater the Significant Digits (numbers) the Greater the Certainty

• Accuracy refers to how close the measured value is
• Precision refers to how close a series of measurements are to one another or how reproducible they are.

you use units as a guide to solving problems.

Distillations is where a mixture is heated to boil off the more volatile( easily vaporizable) liquid. Then that volatile liquid is re-condensed in a condenser and collected in a separate flask

Filtration is where the mixture is poured through filter paper usually held in a funnel