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stimulus
any amount to which a cell responds
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senses
the reception of stimuli
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perception
interpretation of a message
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kinesthesis; how?
- sense of possition of body parts.
- sensory receptors in muscles, tendons and joints
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vestibular sense; how?
- sense of balence
- semicircular canals, located in inner ear, are filled with fluid that moves as your head moves. cilia are bent and send messages to cerebellum and pons
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difference threshold
minimus amount of difference needed in a stimulus to detect a difference
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Weber's law
the bigger the stimulus, the bigger the change needed for you to notice
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pupil
adjustable opening that light passes through
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iris
colord muscle that regulates dilation of pupil
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lens
changes shape to help focus image
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retina
- multi-layered tissue, light sensitive, begins to process visual information
- contains light receptor cells
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rods
- allow us to see in dim; processes grey, black and white
- men have more
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cones
- provide color and detail
- women have more
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fovea
the central focus point of the retina, surrounded by cones
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optic nerve
caries neural impulses from eye to occipital lobe
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blind spot
point where optic nerve meets retina; no receptors BLIND
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cornea
captures light and bends it into focus
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accomodation
the lense changes shae to focus an image on the retina
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retinal disparity
each eye sees a slightly different image
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stereoscoic vision
"depth perception"
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binocular fusion
the brain puts together the two seperate images to form one
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gastalts principles
- similarities
- proxemity; overrides similarities
- connectedness; overrides prox
- continuity; overrides prox
- closure
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figure
- what you see in frontsymetrical
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ground
- figure in the background
- Asymetrical
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skin receptors
pressure, pain, heat and cold
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toungue locations
- salts; tip
- sweet; middle tip
- bitter; back
- sour; sides
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factors influence taste
smell, texture, tempature
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psychophysics
- study of physical facts of a stimulus
- such as, how strong
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bottom-up process
stimulus coming in and entering the brain
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top-down process
contructing perceptions from past experiences, expectations, ect
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absolute threshold
the minimum stimulation needed ot detect a stimulus accuratley half the time
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signal detection theory
- predicts our detection of faint stimulus
- assumes no exact threshold
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subliminal
below the absolut threshold
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prime
unconsciously activating a certain stimulus, preparing
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sensory adaptation
diminishing perception of constant sensations, allows us to focus on what is changing
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opponent process theory
color complament
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what influences our ability to detect stimulus
experiences, expectations, motivation and level of fatigue
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selective attention
focus on conscience awarness of a particular stimulus
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binocular cues
depth perception cues that depend on both eyes; retinal disparity and convergence
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convergence
the more inward our eyes look, the closer it is
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monocular cues
depend on one eye; size, position, clarity, texture, height, motion, linearness, light
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phi phenomenom
two adjacent light blink quickly, it looks like one single light moving back and forth
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perceptual constancy
allows us to see objects as unchanging even is the stimulus changes; shape, size, lightness, color
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extrasensory perception
perception without sensations
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telepathy
mind-to-mind communications
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clairvoyance
percieving remote and distant events
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precognition
percieving future events
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psychokinesis
mind-over-matter
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decibles
the measuring units for sound energy
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outerear
channels soundwaves through auditory canal to the eardrum
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middle ear
vibrations from eardrum are transfered to the cochlea
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cochlea
fluid filled tube that soundwaves trigger nerve impulses
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inner ear
cochlea, semicicular canal, vestibular sac
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umami
meat taste receptor
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where are taste receptors locates
toungue, roof and back of mouth
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sensory interactions
one sense influences another
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chemical senses?
taste and smell
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smell receptors are called
olfactory receptors
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