BIO150 LECTURE REVIEW TEST 1 PT2

the study of function

integration of all the body systems to produce an organism that can maintain a stable internal environment by dynamic equilibrium

bending, to decrease the angle between two bones to less than 180 degrees.

straightening, to increase the angle between two bones to 180 degrees

increasing the angle between two bones beyond 180 degrees

standing on the toes

movement away from the body of the midline

movement toward the body or the midline

moving the arm so the palm of the hand is downward or moving the whole body so the face is downward

moving the arms so that the palm of the hand is facing upward or moving the whole body so that the face is upward

movement of a part around a fixed point to a maximum of 180 degrees

to lower a part

to raise a part

moving a part outward

drawing a part back

turning the sole of the foot outward

turing the sole of the foot inward

movement of the ends of a limb to inscribe a circle 360 degrees

space between the pleural cavities that contains the thymus, lymph vessels, esophagus, trachea, and nerves

divides the body vertically through the midline into right and left halves

behind the parietal peritoneum but within the abdominal wall

an imaginary straight line from the mid-axillary region downward that separates the anterior and posterior chest

imaginary straight line from the mid region of the clavicle downward on the anterior chest-wall

contains liver, gall bladder, head of pancreas, part of duodenum (SI), right kidney and part of the colon

contains the spleen, tail of the pancreas, stomach, left kidney and part of the colon

appendix, ascending colon small intestine and the right ovary and fallopian tube

small intestine, descending colon, and left ovary and fallopian tube

divides the body into anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) at right angles to the sagittal plane

dividing the body into superior and inferior portions

any plane parallel to the midsagittal line vertically dividing the body into right and left portions

standing on the heels

a self regulatory compensatory system

a compensatory but not self-regulatory system, seen also in pathological conditions

contains the lungs

pleural cavities houses the lungs and great vessels

• contains organs inferior to the respiratory diaphragm but above the urogenital diaphragm
• in the abdomen
• in the pelvis

contains the spinal cord

contains the brain

houses the heart and the pericardium

• does not participate in protein synthesis
• present in cells that produce steroid-based hormones
• also abundant in cells that are active in lipid metabolism and drug detoxification

• dense, darkly staining, nuclear body
• packaging site for ribosomes

• control center of cell
• necessary for cell division and cell life

its cisternae modify and store the newly fromed proteins and dispatch them to other areas of the cell

• contains digestive enzymes of many varieties
• "suicide sac" of the cell

contractile elements of the cytoskeleton

• membranous system
• involved in intracellular transport of proteins and synthesis of membrane lipids

• process during which the chromosomes are redistributed to two daughter nuclei; nuclear division
• prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis

• the longer period during which the cell grows and carries out it's usual activities
• Cell formation---Cell division

the first stage of mitosis, consisting of coiling of the chromosomes accompanied by migration of the two daughter centrioles toward the poles of the cell, and nuclear membrane breakdown

second sage of mitosis, during which the chromosomes migrate to the central plane or equator of the spindle and align along that plane in a straight line from which the superior to the inferior region of the spindle "rosette circle"

3rd stage of mitosis, meiosis I, Meiosis II, in which daughter chromosomes move toward each pole of a cell

The final phase of mitosis, begins when migration of chromosomes to the poles of the cell has been completed and ends with the formation of two daughter nuclei

when cell produces itself by dividing

small cellular structures "small organs"

site of free radical detoxification

• stored glycogen granules, crystals, pigments, and so on.
• (cellular material surrounding the nucleus, enclosed by plasma membrane)

• attached to membrane systems or scattered in the cytoplasm
• synthesize proteins

• two rod-shaped bodies near the nucleus
• direct formation of the mitotic spindle

• membranous system consisting of flattened sacs and vesicles
• packages proteins for export

threadlike structure in the nucleus; contain genetic material DNA

• a membrane that allows certain substances to pass while restricting the movement of others
• also called "differentially permeable membrane"

nuclear division process that reduces the chromosomal number by half and results in the formation of four haploid cells, occurs in certain reproductive organs

used only for the production of gametes (eggs and sperm) for sexual reproduction

is to high the number of cells for growth and repair, while maintaining their genetic heritage

the fluid cytoplasmic material

used to separate particles and fluid in suspension; occurs only across capillary walls

structural unit of all living things

• scattered throughout the cell
• major site of ATP synthesis

• external boundary of cell
• regulates flow of materials into and out of the cell, site of cell signaling

the division of the cytoplasmic mass, begins during late anaphase and continues through telophase (occurs after the cell and nucleus has divided) The division of cytoplasm

is the movement of molecules form a region of higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration driving force kinetic energy

are spanned by diaphragms, these pores permit easy passage of protein and RNA molecules

are assembly sites for ribosomal particles which are the actual protein-synthesizing "factories"

the double membrane barrier of a cell nucleus

slender extensions of the plasma membrane that increase it's surface area

• crinkling-up process is due to the fact that the 5% sodium chloride solutions is hypertonic to the cytosol of the red blood cell
• water tends to leave the cells by osmosis

• in a hypotonic solution the red blood cells "plump up" then they suddenly start to disappear
• the red blood cells burst as the water floods into them, leaving "ghosts" in their wake."

acts as a scaffolding for the attachment and movement of the chromosomes during later mitotic stages

• difference in concentration
• exits the net effect of this random molecular movement is that the molecules eventually become evenly distributed throughout the environment

not part of the active metabolic machinery of the cell, stored foods, crystals, water vacuoles, and ingested foreign materials

• thin strands of the contractile protein actin
• ribbon or cordlike elements

• slender tubules formed of proteins called tubulins
• aggregate and disaggregate spontaneously
• organize the cytoskeleton and direct formation of the spindle formed by the centrioles during cell division

ramify throughout the cytoplasm, forming an internal scaffolding called the cytoskeleton that supports and moves substances within the cell

movement out of the cell

movement into the cell

large particles and molecules are transported across the membrane

(cell eating) parts of the plasma membrane and cytoplasm expand and flow around a relatively large or solid material and engulf it

the cell membrane sinks beneath the material to form a small vesicle which then pinches off into the cell interior.

is exquisitely selective and is used primarily for cellular uptake or specific molecules such as cholesterol, iron, and some hormones, and for transfer of substances from one side of the cell to the other