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actual yield (isolated yield)
amount of a specified pure product actually obtained from a reaction
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aqueous solution
solution in which solvent is water
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concentration
- amount of solute volume or mass of solution or solvent
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molarity
- moles of soluteL of solution
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percent by mass
- mass of solute X100%
- mass of solution
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percent yield
- actual yield X100%
- theoretical yield
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reaction stoichiometry
qualitative relationship among substances as they participate in chemical reactions
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solute
solvent
solution
- dispersed medium
- dispersing medium
- homogenous mixture of 2 or more substances
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law of conservation of matter
- no detectable change in the quantity of matter during a ordinary chemical reaction
- no loss or gain of matter
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dilution of solutions
V1M1 = V2M2
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absorbtion spectrum
the spectrum associated w/ absorbtion of electromagnetic radiation by atoms resulting from transitions from lower to higher electronic energy states
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alkali metals
alkali earths
halogens
noble gases
- Family: 1A
- Family: 2A
- Family: 7A
- Family: 8A
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alpha paritcle
helium ion w/ a 2+ charge; an assembly of 2 protons and 2 neutrons
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l
- angular momentum quantum number
- designates subshell or set of orbitals w/in a given main shell
- l = n-1
- ex. n=7; l=0,1,2,3,4,5,6
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anode
positive electrode in cathode ray tube
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atomic mass unit (amu)
arbitrary mass unit that is 1/12 the mass of the carbon-12 isotope
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atomic mass (weight)
weighted average of the masses of the constituent isotopes of an element; the relative mass of atoms of different elements
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atomic number
number of protons in the nucleus
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atomic orbital
region or volume in space in which the probability of finding electrons is the highest
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Aufbau ("building up") Principle
guide for predicting the order in which electrons fill subshells and shells in atoms
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Balmer- Rydberg equation
relates wavelengths in the hydrogen emission spectrum to simple intergers
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canal ray
a stream of positively charged paricles (cations) that moves toward the negative electrode in a cathode ray tube; observed to pass through canals (holes) in the negative electrode
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cathode
negative electrod in the cathode ray tube
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cathode ray
beam of electrons going from the negative electrode toward the postive electrode in a cathode-ray tube
-
cathode ray tube
a closed glass tube containing a gas under a low pressure w/ electrodes near the ends and a luminescent screen at the end near the positive electrode produces cathode rays when high voltage is applied
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chemical periodicity
the variation in properties of elements w/ their positions in the periodic table
-
continuous spectrum
a spectrum that contains all wave-lengths in a specified region of the electromagnetic spectrum; rainbow
-
d orbitals
- begins in the 3rd shell
- 5 orbitals per shell
- 10 electrons total
- higher energy than s and p in the same shell
-
degenerate orbitals
2 or more orbitals that have the same energy
-
diamagnetism
weak repulsion by a magnetic field; associated w/ all electrons in an atom, molecule, or substance being paired
-
electromagnetic radiation
energy that is propagated by means of electric and magnetic fields that oscillate in directions perpendicular to the direction of travel to the energy
-
electron
- subatomic particle
- mass= .00054858
- charge= -1
-
electron configuration
the specific distribution of electrons in the atomic orbitals of atoms and ions
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electron transition
the transfer of an electron from one energy level to another
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emission spectrum
the spectrum associated w/ emission of electromagnetic radiation by atoms or by other species resulting from electron transitions from higher to lower energy states
-
excited states
any energy state other than the ground state of an atom, ion, or molecule
-
f orbitals
- beginning in the 4th shell
- 7 orbitals per shell
- 14 electrons total
- higher energy than s, p, and d orbitals in the same shell
-
ferromagnetism
- the property that allows a substance to become permanently magnetized when placed in a magnetic field
- exhibited by iron, cobalt, and nickle and some of their alloys
-
frequency (v)
the numer of crests of a wave that pass a given point per unit time
-
fundamental particles
- wubatomis particles of which all matter is composed
- protons, electrons, and neutrons are fundamental particles
-
ground state
the lowest energy state or most stable state of an atom, molecule, or ion
-
group (family)
the elements in a vertical column of the periodic table
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Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
it is impossible to determine accurately bothe the momentum and position of an electron simultaneously
-
Hund's Rule
each orbital of a given ubshell is occupied by a single electron before pairing begins
-
isotopes
- 2 or more forms of atoms of the same element w/ diggerent masses
- atoms containing the same # or protons but different #s of neutrons
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line spectrum
an atomic emission or absorption spectrum
-
magnetic quantum # (ml)
- quantum mechanical solution to a wave equation that designates the particular orbital w/in a given subshell (s,p,d,f) in which an electron resides.
- the px, py, and pz orbitals have different magnetic quantum #s
-
mass number
the integral sum of the numbers of protons and neutrons in an atomm
-
mass spectrometer
an instrument that measures the charge-to-mass ratios of charged particles
-
metal
nonmetal
metalloid
- an element below and to the left of the stepwise division (metalloids) of the periodic table; about 80% of the known elements
- elements above and to the right of the metalloids in the periodic table
- elements w/ properties intermediate between metals and nonmetals: B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Po, and At.
-
natual radioactivity
spontaneous decomposition of an atom
-
neutron
- subatomic particle
- mass= 1.0087 amu
- charge= 0
-
nucleus
the very small, very dense, positively charged center of an atom containing protons and neutrons, except for 11H
-
nuclide symbol
the symbol for an atom,azE, in which E in the symbol for an element, z is its atomic number and a is its mass number
-
orbital
each allowed wave description of a stable state for an electron in an atom; a region of space in which the probablility of finding an electron is high
-
p orbitals
beginning with the second shell, a set of three degenerate, mutually perpendicular, equal-arm, dumbbell-shaped atomic orbitals per shell
-
pairing of electrons
interaction of two electrons with opposite ms values in the same orbital also known as spin pairing
-
paramagnetism
attraction toward a magnetic field, stronger than diamagnetism, but still very weak compared w/ ferromagnetism; due to presence of unpaired electrons
-
Pauli Exclusion Principle
no 2 electrons in the same atom may have identical sets of 4 quantum numbers
-
period
the elements in a horizontal row of the periodic table
-
periodic law
the properties of hte elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers
-
periodic table
an arrangement of elements in order of increasing atomic number that also emphasizes periodicity
-
periodicity
regular periodic variations of properties of elements w/ atomic number (and position in the periodic table)
-
photoelectric effect
emission of an electron from the surface of a metal, caused by impinging electromagnetic radiation of certain minimm energy; the resulting current increases with increasing intensity of radiation
-
photon
a "packet" of light or electromagnetic radiation; also called a quantum of light
-
n
- principal quantum number
- designates the main shell, or energy level, in which an electron resides
-
proton
- subatomic particle
- mass= 1.0073
- charge= +1
-
quantum
- a "packet of energy"
- proton
-
quantum mechanics
a mathematical method of treating particles ont he basis of quantum theory, which assumes that energy (of small particles) is not infinitely divisible
-
quantum numbers
numbers that describe the energies of electrons in atoms; they are derived from quantum cechanical treatment
-
s orbital
sperically symmetrical atomis orbital; one per shell
-
spectral line
any of a number of lines corresponding to definite wavelegths in an atomic emission or absorption spectrum; these lines represent the energy difference between two energy levels
-
spectrum
display of component wavelegths of electrommagnetic radiation
-
ms
- spin quantum number
- indicates the relative spins of electrons ("spin up or spin down")
-
wavelength
the distance between two identical points of a wave
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