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What is pathophysiology? (2)
- Study of how body reacts to specific
- 1. situations
- OR
- 2. agents
- which cause a imbalance in homeostasis
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What happens when homeostasis is out of balance?
disease
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What is homeostasis?
Body's attempt to maintain a healthy balance & proper internal environment.
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What is a disease? (3)
- pathological condition of a
- 1. part
- 2. organ
- 3. system
- resulting from various causes
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What are the causes of a disease? (3)
- 1. infection
- 2. genetic defect
- 3. environmental stress
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Disease is characterized by a identifiable group of? (2)
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What are the 3 ways in which S&S are identified? (3)
- 1. microscopic
- 2. whole body
- 3. systemic-feel pain
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What is etiology?
cause of a disease; often more than 1
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What is an example of etiology?
virus causes the common cold, but a run down immune system makes you more prone to it.
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What is a iatrogenic disease? (3)
- A disease due to:
- 1. treatment
- 2. procedure
- 3. error
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What are 2 examples of a iatrogenic disease?
- 1. patient develops a pressure ulcer (bedsore)
- 2. artery is accidentally nicked during a surgery
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What is an idiopathic disease?
no known cause has been identified
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What is an example of an idiopathic disease?
"Essential Hypertension"
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What is pathogenesis?
sequence of events that occur as a disease develops
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What is acute?
sudden onset of S&S, usually heals
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What is an example of an acute disease?
flu
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What is chronic?
gradual onset of S&S, often lasts >6 months or a lifetime
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What is an example of a chronic disease?
arthiritis
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What is morbidity?
incidence of disease in a population
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What does communicable mean?
infectious disease
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What does reportable diseases mean?
required by law to notify health dept. (about the disease)
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What does mortality mean?
incidence of death in a population
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What does epidemic mean?
high morbidity in a population
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What does pandemic mean?
world-wide spread of disease
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What is a pathogen?
any substance which causes a disease
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What is a carrier?
healthy-appearing person who harbors a pathogen in their body
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What is a prognosis?
probablity of recovery or other outcomes
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What is atrophy?
reduced tissue mass due to decreased cell size
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What is an example of atrophy?
shrinkage of muscle not used
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What is hypertrophy?
Opposite of atrophy (larger)
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What is an example of hypertrophy?
left ventricle hypertrophy
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What is dysplasia?
Tissues with various sizes of cells and increased mitosis often premalignant (precancerous)
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What does premalignant mean?
precancerous
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What is neoplasm?
New growth of cells causing malignant or benign tumor.
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1. What is ischemia? 2.What is hypoxia?
- 1.Deficit of oxygen in cells
- 2. deficit of oxygen in tissues
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What is necrosis?
Death or destruction of tissue
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What is gangrene?
A necrotic tissue that has been invaded by bacteria (esp. anaerobic)
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What is the inflammatory response?
non-specific general body response to a trauma
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(Inflamatory Response to trauma) Mast and other cells at the site of injury release what? (4)
- 1. histamine
- 2. prostaglandins
- 3. Seratonin
- 4. Leukotrienes
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(inflammation response to a trauma) Pain may be secondary to release of what?
"Substance P"
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(inflammation response to a trauma)What is "substance P"?
protein stored in spinal cord and skin
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(inflammation response to a trauma) What does "Substance P" do? (2)
- 1. Triggers mast cell activity
- 2. Acts as a neurotransimitter for pain impulses
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(inflammation response to a trauma) increase what in blood?
neutrophils
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what is leukocytosis?
increased WBC
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(inflammation response to a trauma) triggers blood?
coagulation
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(inflammation response to a trauma) what is capillary permeability with inflamation?
inflamation causes leakage of fluid from blood into ECF -> swelling, hives, & WBC's congregate at injury to reduce infection
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is there increased capillary permability in inflamation?
yes
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when should pyrexia be treated?(3)
- when a patient is:
- 1) young
- 2) old
- 3) poor health
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what does pyrexia do that is good?
inhibits growth of pathogens
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what are the treatments for inflammation?
(4)
- 1)asprin (ASA)
- 2)NSAIDs
- 3)RICE (rest, ice, compresion, elevate.... heat)
- 4) IF SEVERE!! steriods to block immune response ONLY IF NO INFECTION IS PRESENT!!
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what are the sideeffects of anti inflamitory treatment?
(4)
- 1) GI bleeding/ irritation
- 2) decreased immune response
- 3) constipation
- 4) decreased blood clotting
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what are the body responses that increase body temperature? (5)
- 1) shivers(chills)
- 2) vasoconstriction in skin (pallor)
- 3) increased BMR
- 4) increased heart rate
- 5) curl up body
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what are the bodies responses that increase heat loss? (4)
- 1)vasodialation
- 2) sweating
- 3) lathargy
- 4) extend body
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what controls temperature in the brain?
hypothalamus
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what are pyrogens?
fever producing substances
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what is granulation tissue?
shinny red tissue grows after blood clot forms to seal off area and debris is removed ( takes a few days)
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what are the steps in wound healing?
(4)
- 1) granulation tissue
- 2) new blood vessels grow to injured area
- 3) epithelial cells then grow in from wound edges
- 4) collagen (CT) forms-> scar (no hair, glands, non-functional)
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what is keloid?
a hypertrophic scar tissue
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what is adhesion?
hypertrophic bands of scar tissue connecting tissues that are not usually supposed to be connected; can occur after surgeries (esp. abdomen)
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what are the 2 types of wound healing?
- 1) first intention-no scar forms/ clean surgical inscision
- 2) second intention- obvious scar
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what do burns cause?
- 1. severe inflammation
- 2. capillary permaniblity
- 3. edema
- 4. decreased blood volume
- 5. decreased BP->hypovolemic shock, death
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Burns cause loss of protein from what? (3)
- 1. blood
- 2. water
- 3. electrolyte imbalances (esp. increased K from lysed cells)
- ->cardiac arrest is possible
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What is the main intracellular electrolyte?
K
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Burns have a high death rate due to?
infection
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What are the 3 classifications of burns and what they are?
- 1. partial thickness burn (to epidermis only)
- 2. full thickness burn (to subcutanous layer+some muscle)
- 3. deep partial thickness burn (to dermis also)
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What is the treatment of burns? (2)
- Skin grafting:
- 1. biosynthetic
- 2. cadaver
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What are the 3 stages of disease?
- 1. latent period
- 2. prodromal period
- 3. acute phase
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What are 3 characteristics of the latent period?
- 1. "incubation period" is common
- 2. Do not know you are sick
- 3. microscopic level
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What is 1 characteristic of the prodromal period?
vague, early symptoms
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What are the 3 paths you may take in the acute phase?
- 1. cured
- 2. remission
- 3. Chronic WITH "EXACERBATION":comes again (flare-ups)
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What is 2 characteristics of the acute phase?
- 1. S&S appear
- 2. actively ill
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