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Common Law
Reflected customs and principles establiched over time
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Magna Carta
Written demands presented to King John
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Contract
An agreement between two or more parties, especially one that is written and enforceable by law
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Due Process of Law
To have the law work in known, orderly ways
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Parliament
England's national legislature
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Divine Right
Claim that a king's power came from God
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Tyranny
Absolute power, especially when exercised harshly or unjustly
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Universal Gravitation
Law that states that every object in the universe attracts every other object
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Social Contract
The agreement in which people create a strong government which Hobbes said was necessary to have order
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Montesquieu
Argued in favor of the seperation of powers among different branches of government to check the power of any one individual or group
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Galileo Galilei
The Catholic Church put him on trial for supporting the ideas of Copernicus
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Federal System
Power is divided in U.S. Constitution between national and state government
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Francis Bacon
Criticized heavy reliance on the conclusions of Aristotle and urged scientists to use empiricism
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Philosophes
French social critics who believed that people could apply reason to all aspects of life
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Enlightenment
A new intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems
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Scientific Revolution
A new way of thinking about natural world based on careful observation and a willingness to question accepted belief
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John Locke
Believed that people are born free and equal all with these natural rights-life, liberty and property
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Checks and Balances
American system based on ideas of Montesquieu to prevent a too powerful central government
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Isaac Newton
Believed that God was the creator of the orderly universe and developed a single theory of motion
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Jean Jacoues Rousseau
Believed that the social contract should be among free individuals to create a society and a government
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Salons
Places where intellectuals gathered in Paris to discuss ideas
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Bill of Rights
Federalists promised to add this to the U.S. constitution to gain support for it
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Geocentric Theory
The earth-centered view of the universe
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Scientific Method
A logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas
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Parliament
American colonists argued they could not be taxed because they had no representation here
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Heliocentric Theory
Belief that the stars, the earth, and other planets revolve around the sun
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Voltaire
He often used satire against his opponent, which frequently included the clergy (church officials), aristocracy and the government
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René Descartes
Relied on mathematics and logic instead of expirementation. Believed that everything should be doubted until proven by reason.
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Enlightened and Despots
Monarchs who embraced Enlightenment ideas and made reforms based on them
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Age of Reason
Another name given to Enlightenment
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