Psychology_Chapter_5.txt

a relatively permanant change in behavior, knowledge, capability or attitude that is acquired through experience

is a type of learning through which an organism learns to associate one stimulus to another

UCS - produces a response without any learning

UCR - response to an UCS

CS - neutral stimulus, that after pairing with a UCS, becomes associated with it and elicits a CR

learned response that comes to be elicited by a conditioned stimulus as a result of its repeated pairing with an UCS

weakened and eventual disapperance of the CR as a result of repeated presentation of the CS without the UCS

tendancy to make a CR to a stimulus that is similar to the original CS

• Robert Rescorla
• conditioning depends on whether the CS provides information that enables reliable predictions of the UCS

the CS associated with drug use lead individuals to seek out those substances

intense dislike/avoidance of particular food that has been associated with discomfort

• -the consequences of a response will determine whether the tendancy to respond in the same way in the future will be strengthened/weakened
• -responses followed by "satisfying consequences" are more likely to be repeated
• -responses with unpleasant responses will be avoided

type of learning in which the consequences of behavior are manipulated in order to increase/decrease frequency of response or to shape a new response

voluntary behavior that accidentally brings about a consequence

anything that follows a response and strengthens it or increases probability that it will occur again

• -signals whether a certain response or behavior is likely to be rewarded, ignored or punished
• -children misbehave with grandparents because the discriminitive stimulus (parents) is not present

consists of gradually molding a desired behavior by reinforcing any movement in the direction of the desired response. gradually, the responses are guided toward the ultimate goal

a series of gradual steps, each more similar to the final desired response than the one before

any event that follows a response and either strengthens the response or increases the probability that the response will be repeated

when you have a pleasant or desirable consequence that follows a response and increases the probability that the response will be repeated; the same as a reward

when you have termination of an unpleasant condition following a response, but you are still trying to increase the probability that the response will be repeated

anything with reinforcement is intended to increase behavior

• reinforcer that fulfills a basic need for survival and does not depend on learning
• ex: food, water

• acquired or learned through association with other reinforcers
• ex: money, praise

• fixed-ratio schedule
• variable ratio schedule
• fixed interval schedule
• variable interval schedule

• reinforcement provided after a fixed number of correct responses
• the faster the response, the more reinforcers they recieve

• reinforcement is provided after a variable number of correct responses
• ex: gambling

• reinforcement is provided following a correct response after a specific amount of time has passed
• ex: salary pay, not hourly

• reinforcement is given after the first correct response following a varying amount of time
• ex: random drug tests

removal of a pleasant stimulus of the application of an unpleasant stimulus intended to decrease the probability of a response; intended to decrease behavior

punishment adds an unpleasant condition (ex: grounded for not cleaning room) while negative reinforcement is when an unpleasant condition is terminated/avoided (ex: grounded until your room is clean)

punishment indicates that a behavior is unacceptable but does not help people develop more appropriate behaviors

• -the person who is punished may retaliate, avoid or try to escape the punisher
• -the loss of a privelege is usually more effective than physical punishment
• -punishment can lead to aggressive behaviors

Unwanted behavior

• Timing
• Intensity
• Consistancy

The child should be reminded of why they are being punished and why the behavior was inappropriate

If punishment is too mild, you will have no effect

• 1. Clarify problem behavior and the consequence for that behavior
• 2. Provide immediate consequences when the behavior occurs
• 3. Provide consistant consequences
• 4. Deliver instructions and corrections calmly
• 5. Explain reasoning behind the consequences

• 1. Provide regular, positive attention
• 2. Listen carefully to children and help them learn words to express their feelings
• 3. Allow children to make choices when possible
• 4. Reinforce desirable behaviors with frequent praise and ignoring trivial misdeeds
• 5. Model correct and predictable behavior and respectable communication and appropriate conflict resolution

When you perform a behavior because it prevents and terminates an adversive events

Engaging in behaviors to avoid an adverse consequence

When you have been repeatedly exposed to inescapable and unavoidable adversive events, you often give up because you feel that what you do will not matter anyway

Method for changing behavior

• 1. Identify target behavior
• 2. Gather & record baseline data
• 3. Plan your behavior modification program
• 4. Chose reinforcers
• 5. Begin recording and reinforcing progress

Program that motivates socially desirable behavior by reinforcing it with tokens that can be exchanged for rewards

Remove child from all sources of positive reinforcement

Mental processes such as thinking, knowing, problem solving & remembering

Occurs without parent reinforcement and is not demonstrated until the organism is motivated to do so

Learn from observing other people and consequences they experience "modeling"

Learning a new behavior from a model through the acquisition of new responses

Exhibiting a behavior similar to that shown by a model in an unfamiliar situation

Displaying a previously supressed behavior because a model does it without being punished

Supress a behavior because a model is punished for the behavior