EXAM 2

vitamin k

thiamine (vitamin B1)

vitamin B6

• deforoxamine (Desferal)
• *iron meds "ferrous" IRON-Fe

antagonists to metals, treat overdose/poisoning

• calcium->constipation
• magnesium->diarrhea

histamine (H2) antagonists "tidine" family

• proton-pump inhibitors
• "prazole" family

• carafate; dissolve, don't crush for NG
• cytotec-prevent NSAID induced ulcers

• SE: drowsiness, fatigue
• Reglan used as antiemetic

• antibiotic therapy for PUD
• -ulcer due to H.Pylori

drowsiness

• Antiemetics used to TREAT it
• serotonin used to PREVENT it
• (serotonin-"estrons" family)

• dronabil (Marino) contains THC
• scopolamine ("Scop Patch")-used to prevent motion sickness with anticholinergic effects

used for constipation IBS

growth hormone suppressor that also suppresses GI -> antidiarrheal effect (used for severe diarrhea)

daily dose to prevent, not treat, constipation

treat constipation

freq. used by elderly

• hypertonic substance that pulls flud into GI
• Milk of Magnesia
• Fleets enema

requires 4L q 10min. (of fluids)

• hypoproteinemia, increased pressure within portal circulation, and increased levels of aldosterone->results in fluid retention(ascites)
• treat w/ potassium sparing diuretic

aldosterone

• 2-4Xdaily to get rid of ammonia
• once daily as a laxative

• lowers cholesterol
• be sure to let powder "settle" before stiring

• 2-21/2 L/day
• 1mL/kg/hr
• 60mL/hr
• BAD-<30ml/hr

tubular->interferes w/ reabsorption of Na and Cl, thus excreting Na and H20

• inhibit electrolye reabsorption in loop of Henle
• venodialate-so drug of choice for HF

SE: ototoxicity, hyperglycemia, hyperuricemia (problems w/ gout pts) hypokalemia

• 1st line recommendation for treatment for HTN
• hydrochlorothiazide "thiazide" family

• mannitol *dissolve crystals before administration
• used to decrease cerebral fluid and manage intracranial pressure

• decreases pressure in eye (glacoma)
• management of pt w/ metabolic alkalosis

• SE: hyperkalemia
• diuretic of choice in liver failure pts

treatment of SIADH -syndrome of antidiuretic hormone

• kayexalate will wash it out
• give enemas to get kayexalate back

aluminum hydrodroxide antacids-rids of phosphorous

calcium

helps w/ pts who have metabolic acidosis

alpha blocker prescribed

• "azo" for dysuria ->will cause reddish-orange discoloration of urine
• "sulfa" antibiotics->anti-infective

most commonly used radiological test to evaluate the urinary system

• 3-D (better pic.)
• NO metal objects allowed in room

• extracellular: NA+, CL-
• intracellular: K+, Phosphate-

approximately 300 mOsm/L

• greater concentration of solutes (particles)
• pulls water into vascular compartments
• dehydrates cells

• less concentration of solutes
• pushes water out of intravascular compartments
• hydrates cells

• isotonic fluid
• similar to plasma

• #1 protein in body
• must maintain normal amount

blood, manitol, and parental nutrition

95-105mEq/L

8.5-10mg/dL or 4.5-5.5 mEq/L

1.5-2.5 mEq/L

2.5-4.5mEq/L

• HYPOneuromuscular activity-muscle weakness, constipation, risk for kidney stones
• hyperparathyroidism-long term or high doe of antacid use

• HYPERneuromuscular activity-muscle spasms, seizures
• hypoparathyrodism
• complication of renal failure, panctreatitis, rapid blood transfusion, vitamin D deficient

• malnutrition (chronic alcoholism)
• prolonged diarrhea
• HYPERneuromuscular activity

• poor renal function
• intake of magnesium containing antacids
• HYPOneuromuscular activity

calcium

• chronic renal failure
• HYPERneuromuscular
• treat w/ aluminum antacids

• malnutrition
• hyperparathyroidism
• HYPOneuromuscular activity

• for GI X-rays
• turns stool chalky white
• make sure pt is excreting it

• kidney dysfunction
• encourage fluids

diabetic pt. stop taking prior to recieving contrast dyes to decrease risk of lactic acidosis

• indiration of 10mm or more in immunocompromised pt.
• indiration of 5mm is considered positive

body fluids may be radioactive

• injection of dye to identify lymph node involement in metastatic cancer
• dye turnes urine bright turquoise

• ^venous hydrostatic pressure
• decreased plasma oncotic pressure
• ^interstitial oncotic pressure
• decreased lymphatic outflow

• ^plasma osmotic-oncotic pressure
• ^tissure hydrostatic pressure: TED hose
• hypovolemic shock

40mmHg

• 25mmHg
• attracts water

10mmHg

• increased plasma osmolality
• decreased circulating volume
• decreased stress and pain
• medications/surgery
• positive pressure ventilators

• decreased plasma osmolarity
• increased effective circulating volume
• increased BP
• medications (Dilantin)

• lack of aldosterone-^ renal sodium loss
• lack of cortisol- ^release of ADH
• thiazide (NSAID's)-decrease Na+

• kayexalate has ^Na+
• diabetic pts can't excrete Na+

hydrogen ions shift out of cells and potassium from ECF shifts into cells

muscle spasm (in arm)

cheek spasm

decreases renal calcium excretion

35-45 mmHg

22-26mEq/L

80-100 mmHg

• SX: disorientation
• kussmal resp.
• muscle twitching
• changes in LOC
• decreased pH
• decreased HCO₃

• SX: nausea & vomiting
• diarrhea
• restlessness
• slow resp.
• arrhythmias
• ^pH
• ^HCO₃

• SX: rapid, shallow resp.
• dyspmea
• disorientation
• muscle weakness
• decreased pH
• ^pCO₂

• SX: tingling of extremities
• confusion
• deep-rapid breathing
• seizures
• ^pH
• decreased pCO₂

• R espiratory
• O pposite
• M etabolic
• E qual

• Albumin 5% or 25%
• Hetastarch
• Dextran

• "sone" family
• Rhinocort

abluterol-most common used inhaler

• similar to caffeine effects (bronchodialating)
• "phylline" family
• therapeutic level 10-20 mcg/mL **

• asthma prophylaxis
• "lukast" family
• inhibits inflammation

most effective for allergic rhinitis

anticholinergic (short acting)

• non-sedating
• "ine" family

• SE: neurotoxicity
• B₆ given to prevent

turns body fluids reddish orange

• long acting
• Spiriva

long acting

• short acting
• alupent, proventil, maxair

mechanism of body to inspire and expire air

involves a 3 phase process

• 760mmHg
• +4 for expiration (764)
• -6 for inspiration (754)

• 21% Oxygen
• 78% Nitrogen
• 1% other gases

• M: 13.5-18g/dL
• F: 12-16

• M: 40-50%
• F: 38-47%

• M: 4.2-6
• F: 3.6-5

22-26 mEq/L

• vesicular: I>E
• bronchovesicular: I=E
• bronchial: I<E

amount of movement of chest when breathing

gases moving from higher to lower concentration

5000-10,000

150,000-400,000/mm³

70-110 mg/dL

10-20

• M: 0.6-1.2 mg/dL
• F: 0.5-1.1 mg/dL

• M: >45
• F: > 55

<70mg

• 60-70%
• 70 bpm
• 70 mL of blood
• =4.9 L CO (cardiac output)

• isotonic: normal loss
• hypotonic: less than 135mEq/dL-loss of Na & H₂O
• hypertonic: more than 145mEq/dL-excess Na, decreased H₂O

blood

SOB

• ^calcium, decrease phosphorous
• decrease calcium, ^phosphorous