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What is respiration?
Process by which body cell’s supplied with oxygen and CO2 I removed as waste.
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What three processes is respiration dependent upon?
Ventilation, gas exchange and perfusion
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What is Ventilation?
Mechanical movement of air from the atmosphere into and out of the lungs
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What is Gas Exchange?
Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the alveoli and blood
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What is Perfusion?
Movement of oxygenated blood from lungs to tissues
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What can diffusion be impaired by?
- Alveoli collapse
- Fluid, pus or blood
- Damaged or blocked pulmonary vessels
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What does adequate oxygenation require?
- Patent airway
- Intact thoracic cavity
- Adequate compliance and recoil
- Intact CNS & respiratory center
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What is GERD?
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
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What is difference between hypoxia and hypoxemia?
Hypoxia is not enough oxygen in tissues and hypoxemia is in the blood
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What are signs of hypoxia?
- Tachypnea, tachycardia
- Dyspnea, shallow respirations, retractions, accessory muscle use
- Restlessness, confusion
- Cyanosis (late sign)
- Lethargy, clubbing (chronic)
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What is pradypnea, apnea?
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What are Kussmaul Respirations?
Deep and rapid, attempt to blow off CO2
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What is Cheyne-Strokes Respirations?
Deep to shallow, periods of apnea, seen with CHF and CVA patients
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What are Biot’s respirations?
AKA cluster breating, shallow with periods of apnea
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What is a partial obstructed airway?
Snoring, stridor, adventitious breath sounds
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What is complete obstructed airway?
Extreme inspiratory effort with no chest movement
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What are causes of obstructed airway?
Secretions, pus, fluid, tongue, foreign object
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What are some causes of respiratory distress?
- Cardiac failure
- Pneumonia
- COPD
- Exposure to chemicals
- Anemia
- Injury
- Medications
- Pain
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What are rales?
Crackles, wet sounds
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What is ronchi?
Coarse rattling sound
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What is a V/Q Scan?
Checks to see if ventilation and perfusion are matched
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Why is a V/Q scan used?
Looking for pulmonary embolism
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Four interventions for improving pulmonary function?
- Maintain patent airway
- Maintain/improve ventilation and oxygenation
- Decrease the work of breathing
- Improve ability to participate in activity
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What is included in the order for oxygenating a patient?
Concentration and delivery method
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When may a nurse administer O2 without a doctor’s order?
In an emergency
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What is magnesium sulfate used for?
Relaxing smooth muscle, dilation of bronchi
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