a & p chpt 10

• the largest and uppermost portion of the brain; divided in to 2 hemispheres, each divided into lobes
• the cerebral cortex is the site for conscious thought, voluntary action, reasoning, and abstract mental functions(mathematics)

between the cerebrum and the brain stem; contains the thalamus and hypothalamus.

The thalamus sorts and redirects sensory input.

The hypothalamus maintains homeostasis, controls autonomic nervous system and pituitary gland.

anterior region below the cerebrum.

Connects the cerebrum and diencephalon with the spinal cord.

• location: below the center of the cerebrum.
• function: has reflex centers concerned with vision and hearing.
• connects cerebrum with lower portions of the brain

• location: anterior to the cerebellum and inferior to the midbrain.
• function: helps to regulate voluntary respiration

• location: between the pons and the spinal cord.
• function: has centers for control of vital functions, such as respiration and heart beat.
• also controls emotions and agression

• location: below the posterior portion of the cerebrum.
• function: coordinates voluntary muscles, maintains balance and muscle tone.

• dura mater- dense hard outer hard layer
• arachnoid - middle layer
• pia mater - inner most layer, contains blood vessels.

• forms the csf
• It is located in the third ventricle

frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital

the bridge between the 2 hemispheres that permits impulses to cross from one side to the other

• it is the primary motor area which provides conscious control of skeletal muscles.
• (also contains broca area)

It is the primary sensory area where impulses from the skin, such as touch, pain, and temperature, are interpreted. Estimation of distances, sizes, and shapes also takes place here.

It conatins the auditory area for receiving and interpreting impulses from the ear. The olfactory area is also located here.

The visual area of this lobe contains the visual receiving area and the visual association area for interpreting impulses from the eye. Here visual images of language are received. The ability to read with understanding developes in this area.

the fifth lobe deep in each hemisphere, it has no known functions.

• 2 layers of dense connective tissue; the outer layer is next to lining of the crainial bones and the inner layer adheres to the arachnoid
• function: protection and blood drainage

the middle layer, it is connective tissue with deep web-like extensions; csf circulates in this layer

attached to the brain itself and is anchored there by astrocytes. It is delicate connective tissue that holds blood vessels to supply nutrients and oxygen to the brain and spinal cord

• cerebospinal fluid; it is a clear liquid that circulates in and around the brain and spinal cord.
• function: physical protection as a cushion
• chemical protection by maintaining stable electrolytes and nutrients
• nutrient delivery
• waste removal

• it is semi-permeable and helps to maintain a stable environment for nuerons of the CNS.
• It allows some substances to cross while blocking others.
• allowed: glucose, amino acids, and some electrolytes
• blocked: hormones, drugs, nuerotransmitters
• can be an obtacle to delivery of some drugs
• l-dopa will pass the b/b barrier(Parkinson's)

• Primary motor area, involved in control of skeletal muscles.
• It also contains areas involved in speech.

The primary sensory area for impulses from the skin such as: touch, pain, and temperature

It contains auditory and olfactory areas that are responsible for hearing and smelling.

The visual receiving and visual association areas involved in vision.(signals come from the retina of the eye)

It could cause someone to have difficulty in understanding speech.

It could cause someone to have difficulty producing speech (known as motor aphasia).

• regulating the ANS
• control of pituitary gland
• control of some behaviors (thirst, appetite)
• control of some emotions (fear pleasure aggression
• body temperature
• secretion of hormones

• olfactory
• optic
• occulomotor
• trochlear
• trigeminal
• abducens
• facial
• vestibulocochlear
• glossopharyngeal
• vagus
• accessory
• hypoglossal

• I SENSORY
• II SENSORY
• III MOTOR
• IV MOTOR
• V BOTH
• VI MOTOR
• VII BOTH
• VIII SENSORY
• IX BOTH
• X BOTH
• XI MOTOR
• XII MOTOR

carries smell impulses to the brain

carries visual impulses to the brain

controls contraction of eye muscles

supplies one eyeball muscles

carries sensory impulses from the eye,upper jaw, and lower jaw

controls on eye muscle

• controls muscles for facial expressions
• carries sensation of taste to the anterior 2/3's of the tongue
• stimulates small salivary glands and lacrimal glands

carries sensory impulses for hearing and for equilibrium from the inner ear

• carries sensory impulses from the tongue and pharynx and taste from the posterior 1/3 of tongue
• control swallowing muscles

• supplies most of the organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavity
• carries motor impulses to the larynx and pharynx

controls muscles in the neck and larynx

controls muscles of the tongue

severe spasmodic pain affecting the fifth crainial nerve