Drugs CHapter 6 test 2

• defined as either the decreased effectiveness of a drug which results from the continued presence of the drug in the body
• or
• the necessity of increased the dose of a drug in order to maintain its effectiveness after repeated administration

• tolerance to one drug may well diminish the effect of another drug.
• is usually seen between members of the same class of drugs
• all opiate drugs will show this
• sometimes taken as evidence that the drugs may be producing their effect by common mechanisms

some effects of some drugs may show tolerance after only one or two administration

one in a while the effects of a drug increase with repeated administration (reported with marijuana)

• arises from an increase in the rate at which the body is able to metabolize and get rid of a drug
• is usually the result of enzyme induction primarily in the liver (alcohol dehydrogenase)

• depletion of neurotransmitters critical to the drugs effect (e.g. amphetamine)
• drugs occupation and saturation of receptor sites, whereby the drug molecules evert their action at the time of occupation of receptor sites (e.g nicotine)

Pavlovian or CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

originally neutral does not elicit a response ( e.g bell or tuning fork)

a stimulus capable of eliciting a response (e.g. meat)

response elicited by the US (e.g. salvation)

response elicited by the CS alone after previous pairing with the US (e.g. salvation)

general term indicating that a person's drug use has led to the users experiencing uncontrollable and unpleasent mood states that in turn lead the user to use the drug complusively despite obvious adverse consequences

terms synonymouse with drug dependence

a state of periodic or chronic intoxication detrimental to the individual and/or society produced by the repeated consumption of a drug.

refers to a strong compulsion or desire to experience the effects of a drug because it produces pleasure or reduces psychic discomfort

Two things that can be measured in phycological dependence

involves a state (termed an abstinence syndrome) characterized by physical disturbances that occur when the administration of a drug is suspoended after prolonged use or its actions are terminated by the adminstration of a specific antagonist

the time that it takes to eliminate half the drug from the bloodstream

if given infrequently cessation of its use will not likely resuly in abstinence

however if taken frequently so that the CNS is constinusly exposed to the drug its withdrawl will likely result in a relatively intence abstinence syndrome that dissipates fairly quickly (that is, over a Few days)

if the dose is increased the abstinence syndrome is more intense

plasma half life (e.g. 4 hours) a relatively intence but short lasting behavioral effect

correlation in physical dependence

the animal in a skinner boy is reinforced only if it waits for a fixed period of time between responses

is a drug that blocks secretion of saliva and causes a dry mouth.

half-life that induces relatively weak but long lasting behavioral effects (e.g. 24 hours)

if taken frequently enough so that the CNS is continuosly exposed to the drug its withdrawl is likely to result in a relatively weak abstinence syndrome that dissipates slowly ( that is, over a few weeks)

the more frequently a drug is administered and the greater the dose, the more extensive the abstinence syndrome will be.

develops after physical dependence when the person seeks out an administers a drug to alleviate fear or anxiety

once...... exsists and the person becomes familiar with the symptoms of abstinence the person may develop a craving for the drug that is based upon the persons fear on anxiety of experienceing the abstinence syndrome

Factors of dependence 4

appear to be nearly universally important in determining sensitivity to drugs and many reports have been punlished documenting genetic differences in sensitivity or toxic responces to almost all drugs subject to abuse

• 1. users selling of drugs
• 2. drug availabilty
• 3. significant others labeling of the person as deviant
• 4. peer influence
• 5. early childhood deviance
• 6. poor school influence
• 7. weak family influence
• 8. nonreligious orientation

• 1. the use of more socially accepted substances like tobacco and beer
• 2. "hard" liquor
• 3. marijuana
• 4. other illicit drugs such as cocaine, heroin, and LSD

two psychological processes generally prevent stopping or seeking help:

any action taken to rescue a person from the harmful consequences of their drug use

the essental keys to any effective treatment for durg abuse and dependence are

learning under one set of condtions (drug or nondrug) does not complerely transfer to another set of conditions

1. drug, drug

2. drug saline ( state dependent learning)

3. saline drug ( state-dependent learning)

4. saline saline