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Behaviorists
John Watson, Ivan Pavlov, Joseph Wolpe, and B.F. Skinner.
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Behaviorism
The mind is a blank slate and behavior is learned.
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Erikson's psychosocial stages
- Trust v. mistrust (birth - 1 years)
- Autonomy v. shame & doubt (1 - 3)
- Initiative v. guilt (3 - 6)
- Industry v. inferiority 6 - 11)
- Identity v. role confusion (12-18)
- Intimacy v. Isolation (18-35)
- Generativity v. Stagnation (35-60)
- Integrity v. despair (65 +)
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Piaget's stages of cognitive development
- Sensorimotor (birth-2) = Object permanance
- Preoperational (2-7) = Centration
- Concrete operational (7-12) = Conservation
- Formal operational (11-16) = Abstract thinking
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Kohlberg's levels of moral development
- Preconventional - Behavior governed by consequences
- Conventional - Desire to conform to socially acceptable rules
- Postconventional - Self accepted moral principles
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Zone of Proximal development
Lev Vygotsky - Cognitive development is created by activities. The zone is a child's ability to solve problems on his own.
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Freud's Psychosexual stages
Oral (birth-1), anal (1-3), phallic: oedipal & electra complex (3-7), latency (5-12), genital (adolescence & adulthood)
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William Perry's theory of intellectual development
- Dualism - students view as either right or wrong
- Relativism - the perfect answer may not exist; desire to know other opinions
- Commitment to relativism - Willing to change opinion based on new facts
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Define culture
Habits, customs, art, religion, science, and political behavior of a given group.
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Acculturation
Learning the behaviors and expextations of a culture.
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Racism
When a race views itself as superior to others
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Ethnocentrism
A group sees itself as the standard by which other enthnic groups are measured
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Emic v Etic
- Emic is the view of helping client understand his/her culture.
- Etic focuses on equality
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Autoplastic v Alloplastic
- Autoplastic helps client change to cope w/ environment.
- Alloplastic helps client change the environment.
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Racial/Cultural Identity Development (R/CID)
- Conformity - lean toward dominant culture
- Dissonance - question and confusion about identity
- Resistance and immersion - reject dominant culture and accepting own culture
- Introspection - mixed feelings related to resisitance/immersion
- Synergetic articulation & awareness - against racial and cultural oppression
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Native American clients
- Keep suffering private
- Speak w/ few words
- Do not engage in eye contact
- Emphasize spirituality
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African American clients
- Like to be taught concrete skills
- Short tem counseling is effective
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Asian American clients
- Patriarchal
- Value academic/professional success
- Need assertiveness
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Hispanic American clients
Machismo
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Psychoanalysis
- Freud:
- Focuses on the past and unconscious
- Repression, displacement: taking anger out on a safe target, projection: pointing something out in someone else, reaction formation: acting in opposite manner, Sublimation: express unacceptable impulse in acceptable manner, Rationalization: overrate/underrate, Suppression/denial: consciously not think about something, and Transference
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Freud's theory of personality
- Superego - Moral mind
- Ego - Reality mind that balances id and superego
- Id - Desires/impulses/pleasure
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Creator of Analytic Psychology
Carl Jung
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Analytic Psychology (Carl Jung)
- Psychodynamic:
- -Personal unconscious
- -Collective unconscious
- Archetypes:
- Animus - masculine side of females
- Anima - femine side of males
Extroversion and introversion
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Author of Individual Psychology
Alfred Adler
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Adler's Individual Psychology
Behavior is one's unconscious attempt to compensate for feelings of inferiority.
Focus on Birth order
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Who is the father of Behaviorism
John B. Watson
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Who created Behavioral Therapy?
Arnold Lazarus
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Radical Behaviorism
Developed by B.F. Skinner
Behavior is molded solely by its consequences.
Operant conditioning
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Positive reinforcer
A added stimulus that increases a behavior.
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Negative reinforcer
A stimulus that is removed to increase a behavior.
ex: Eliminating a loud noise while studying
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Social Learning Theory
Albert Bandura
Behavior increase due to seeing someone else getting reinforced. Also called modeling or vicarious learning.
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Systematic Desensitization and relaxation
Joseph Wolpe
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Person-Centered Humanistic Therapy
Carl R. Rogers
Empathy, Genuineness, and unconditional positive regard.
No belief in unconscious as humans can control their own behavior.
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REBT
Albert Ellis
Form of CBT
Replacing irrational beliefs with rational beliefs.
ABC model - Activating event, Beliefs system, emotional Consequences.
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Aaron T. Beck's cognitive therapy
Similar to REBT
Emphasizes that automatic thoughts are distortions of reality.
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Transactional Analysis
Eric Berne
Builds off of Freud's theory. Ego states similar to Superego, Ego, and Id; Parent, Adult, and Child.
Often combined with Gestalt therapy
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Reality Therapy
William Glasser
Focus on present behavior. Reality can be created with behaviors that are chosen.
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Narrative Therapy
Michael White and David Epston
Client's lives are constructed by stories. Stories are rewritten.
Problems are externalized
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SFBT
Steve DeShazer and Insoo Kim Berg
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First and second order change
Tied to family therapy. First order change is when a client makes a change that does not alter the structure of the family. Second order change alters the structure of the family.
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