ch 9 joints.txt

• fibrous joint: bones held together by dense collagen fibers
• cartilaginous joints: bones held together by cartilage
• synovial joints: bones held together by ligaments

• synarthrosis: immovable joint
• amphiarthrosis: slightly movable joint
• diarthrosis: freely movable joint

Fib & cart lack a synovial cavity and synovial joints have a synovial cavity

• 1. sutures: occur b/w bones of the skull
• 2. syndesmoses: permit slight movement, ie interosseous membrane
• 3. gomphoses: immovable, joint in which a cone-shaped peg fits into a socket, ie articulations of teeth w/the sockets of maxillae and mandible

• 1. Synchondroses: connecting tissue is hyaline cartilage, ie epiphyseal (growth) plate
• 2. Symphyses: slightly movable, ends of articulating bones are covered w/hyaline cartilage but disc of fibrocartilage connects bones

cartilaginous joint b/w the anterior surfaces of the hip bones (the pubic region)

• secreted by synovial membrane
• reduces friction by:
• lubricating joint
• absorbing shock
• supplying oxygen and nutrients to cartilage
• removing carbon dioxide and metabolic waste from cartilage

• Bursae: a sac-like structure containing fluid similar to synovial fluid (but does not regenerate itself once lost as does synovial fluid)
• located b/w tendons, ligaments and bones
• Cusions the movement of these body parts

• 1. gliding
• 2. angular movements
• 3. rotation
• 4. special movements

• 1. Flexion
• 2. Extension
• 3. Lateral flexion
• 4. Hyperextension
• 5. Abduction
• 6. Adduction
• 7. Circumduction
• 8. Rotation

• 1. Elevation
• 2. Depression
• 3. Protraction
• 4. Retraction
• 5. Inversion
• 6. Eversion
• 7. Dorsiflexion
• 8. Plantar flexion
• 9. Supination
• 10. Pronation
• 11. Opposition

• 1. Planar: permit back & forth and Side to side movements, ie intercarpal joints
• 2. Hinge: produce an opening & closing motion (permit only flexion & extension), ie knee and elbow
• 3. Pivot: surface of one bone articulates with a ring formed partly by another bone, ie joints that enable palms to turn anteriorly and posteriorly
• 4. Ball-and-Socket: ball-like surface of one bone fitting into a cuplike depression of another, ie shoulder and hip

• -structure or shape of articulating bones. this determines how closely they fit together
• -strength and tension of joint ligaments. ligaments are tense when joint is in certain positions, restricting range of motion

RELAXIN: increases flexibility of pubic symphysis and loosens ligaments between the sacrum and hip bone towards end of prenancy