Bio Test 2

• - Mid 1600's Robert Hooke observed and described cells in cork
• - Late 1600's Antony van Leeuwenhoek observed sperm and microorganisms
• -1820's Robert Brown observed and named nucleus in plant cells

• Matthais Schleiden
• Theodor Schwann
• Rudolf Virchow

• 1. Living organisms are composed of one or more cells
• 2. Cell is the smallest unit having characteristics of life
• 3. new cells arise from the growth and division of single cells

• - Plasma membrane
• - Region where DNA is stored
• - cytoplasm

An optical instrument with lenses that refract visable light to magnify images and project them into a viewers eye or onto photographic film.

An instrument that focuses an electron beam through or onto the surgace of a specimin

An electron microscope achieves a hundred fold greater resoloution than a LM

A microscope that uses an electron beam to study the surface architecture of a cell or other specimin

A microscope that uses an electron beam to study the internal structure of thinly sectioned specimens.

The membrane that sets a cell of from its surroundings and acts like a selective barrier to the passage of ions and molecules into and out of the cell

Consists of phospholipid bilayer in which molecules of protien and cholesterol are embedded

Everything inside of a cell between the membrane and the nucleus

consists of a semi fluid medium and organelles

Type of cell lacking a membrane enclosed nucleus and other membrane enclosed organelles

found only in bacteria and archaea

a membrane enclosed structure with a specialized function within a cell

a type of cell that has a membrane enclosed nucleus and other membrane enclosed organelles

all orgamisms except bacteria and archaea are composed of eukaryotic cells

An atoms central core containing protons and neutrons

the genetic control center of a eukaryotic cell

Protective layer external to the plasma membrane in plant cells, bacteria, fungi, and some protists

protects the cell and helps maintain its shape

a double membrane perforated with pores that encloses the nucleus and seperates it from the rest of the eukaryotic cell

a network of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles.

a network of interconnected membranous tubules in a eukaryotic cell's cytoplasm

smooth ER lacks ribosomes

a network of interconnected membranous sacs in a eukaryotic cell's cytoplasm

rough ER membranes are studded with ribosomes that make membrane protiens and secretory protiens

a sac made of membrane in the cytoplasm of a eykaryotic cell

tissue made up ofneurons and supportive cells

tissue consisting of long muscle cells that are cabaple of contracting when stimulated by nerve impulses.

the most abundant tissue in a typical animal

tissue consisting of sparse population of cells held in an abundant extracellular matrix which they produce.

a sheet of tightly packed cells lining organs, body cavities, and epithelial surfaces

a shor cellular appendage specialized for locomotion.

formed from a core of nine outer doubled microtubles and two single microtubules covered by a cell's plasma membrane

A long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion

The flagella of prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ in both structure and function

structure within the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell where ribosomal RNA is made and assembled with protiens imported from the cytoplasm to make ribsomal subunits

An organelle foundin plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic molecules (sugars) from carbon dioxide and water

a network of protein fibers in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell includes microfilament, intermediate filaments and microtubules

The complex of DNA proteins that constitutes eukaryotic chromosomes

often used to refer to the diffuse very extended form taken by chromosomes when a cell is not dividing

• a description of membrane structure depicting a cellular membrane as a mosiac of diverse protein molecules embedded in a fluid bilayer made of phospholipid molecules.
• 

• The spontaneous tendency of a substance to move down its concentration gradient from where it is more concentrated to where it is less concentrated.
• 

the passage of a substance through a specific transport protein across a biological membrane down its concentration gradient.

• -An increase or decrease in the density of a chemical substance in an area.
• - Cells often maintain concentration gradients of ions across their membranes
• - when a gradient exists, substances tend to move from where they are more concentrated to where they are less concentrated.

the movement of a substance across a bilogical membrane against its concentration gradient, aided by specific transport proteins and requiring input of entergy (often as ATP).

• Exo- the movement of materials out of the cytoplasm of a cell by the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane
• Endo-cellular uptake of molecules or particles via formation of new vesicles from the plasma membrane

cellular eating- a type of endocytosis wherby a cell engulfs macromolecules other cells or particles into its cytoplasm

• -hypo, in comparing two solutions- the one with the greater concentration of solutes. Cells in such a solution will lose water to their surroundings.
• -iso, a solution having the same solute concentration as another solution, thus having no effect on passage of water in or out of a cell
• -hyper, in comparing two solutions, the one with the lower concentration of solutes, cells in such a condition will take up water from their surroundings.
• 

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

is the main pressure of the cell contents against the cell wall in plant cells and bacteria cells, determined by the water content of the vacuole, resulting from osmotic pressure, i.e. the hydrostatic pressure produced by a solution in a space divided by a semipermeable membrane due to a differential in the concentration of solute.

the ability of a solution surrounding a cell to cause that cell to gain or lose water

stored capacity to perform work, organisms store chemical energy in organic molecules

energy of motion, energy is transferred

Can be transfered or transformed but not destroyed

Energy flow through life is one way

The principle of conservation of energy. Energy can be transferred and transformed, but not created or destroyed

The principle wherby every energy conversion reduces the order of the universe, increasing its entropy. ordered forms of energy are at least partly converted to heat.

A measure of disorder. one form of disorder is heat, which is random molecular motion

in cellular metabolism the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction.

• - powers all cellular work
• - consists of adenine, a nitrogenous base, and ribose (five carbon sugar)
• - there are 3 phosphate tails all negatively charged which makes them unstable and easily broken in hydrolysis
• - when the third group is broken and the ATP is released it then becomes ADP
• - Hydrolysis is an exergonic reaction

when the third phospate is transfered from the ATP

• -chemical
• - mechanical
• -transport

• -proteins that function as bilogical catylists increasing the rate of reaction without being consumed by the reaction
• -they speed up the reaction by lower the EA barrier

a non protein helper that is organic (most vitamins)

• -region in the substrate where the enzyme fits.
• -typically a groove or socket formed by amino acids

a specific reactant (like sucrose) than an enzyme reacts to

• -chemical that interferes with an enzymes activit
• -if it covalently bonds it is irreversible
• -if not it can be broken

• -reduces the enzymes productivity by blocking the substrates from entering the active site
• -combatted by increasing the amount of substrate increases the odds they will bond.

-doesn't enter the active site but binds to some other spot on the enzyme which changes the shape of the enzyme and makes the active site no longer work

regulates metabolism by blocking reaction because of over production

starting materials in a chemical reaction

is whats left after the reaction occurs- some combine and some are left in peices

• The fluid mosiac is basically the cell wall and its components
• - phospholipids are double bonded fatty acids whose tails don't pack tightly because of their kinks, because of this the cell membrane stays fluid.
• -cholesterol in the fluid mosiac helps it maintain its shape in warm temperatures but fluid in cold
• -integrins are proteins that help a cell with fromawork strength
• -carbs on the outside of cells help other cells identify function and type

you can't create or destroy energy, just transfer and convert

ex: coal, light bulb, green plants preforming phytosynthesis

some energy becomes unstable during conversion and can't be used. this becomes heat/random thermal energy

ex: heat from combustion, heat from ATP creation and breakdown